Masters of Illusion: The Supreme Court and the Religion Clauses

"An outstanding contribution to the scholarly debates on the interpretation of the First Amendment religion clauses. [Ravitch's] biting critical analyses of the currently popular principles of neutrality and liberty are especially important."
--Stephen M. Feldman, editor of Law and Religion: A Critical Anthology

"Masters of Illusion is filled with penetrating analysis and original insights about freedom of religion. Ravitch's discussions of neutrality, sex education, religious symbols, and his proposal for handling freedom of religion issues are particularly valuable."
--Steven H. Shiffrin, author of Dissent, Injustice, and the Meanings of America

Many legal theorists and judges agree on one major premise in the field of law and religion: that religion clause jurisprudence is in a state of disarray and has been for some time. In Masters of Illusion, Frank S. Ravitch provocatively contends that both hard originalism (a strict focus on the intent of the framers) and neutrality are illusory in religion clause jurisprudence, the former because it can not live up to its promise for either side in the debate and the latter because it is simply impossible in the religion clause context. Yet these two principles have been used in almost every Supreme Court decision addressing religion clause questions.

Ravitch unpacks the various principles of religion clause interpretation, drawing on contemporary debates such as school prayer and displaying the Ten Commandments on courthouses, to demonstrate that the neutrality principle does not work in a pluralistic society. When defined by large, overarching principles of equality and liberty, neutrality fails to account for differences between groups and individuals. If, however, the Court drew on a variety of principles instead of a single notion of neutrality to decide whether or not laws facilitated or discouraged religious practices, the result could be a more equitable approach to religion clause cases.