Master Thesis
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis

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Master Thesis
5
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis
Inhalt
A
bstract

.............................................................................................................................................. . . .3
5


........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
M
ethodology

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1.Re

newable Energy and its Fluctuating Production

.......................................................................... . .8
a
.Short History of Electrical Power

............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .8
2.Classical Approach with Balanced Energy: Centralised Structures and the Hierarchy Structured
10
G
rids

.............................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
a
.Centralised Structured

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b.
Hierarchy structured Grids

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1.
Approach with Variable Storages: Decentralised and Intelligent Grids

............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
a
.Decentralised Grids

............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
15
S
mart Grids

..................................................................................................................................... . . . . . .9
E
conomic potential

................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

V
oltage quality improvement

........................................................................................................ . . . . . .1 1
P
rototype Operation in Industrial Environments

..................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .1 1
Ri
sks of Multifunctional PV Systems

.................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

20
S
hort Introduction to Hybrid Car Systems

...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

H
ybrid Vehicles

......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Idl
e-Stop Strategies

............................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

D
iesel/Electric Hybrids

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3.
Kind of Storages used in Hybrid Vehicle and Plug-In Vehicles

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

25
Int
roduction

.............................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Energy storage and use in vehicle


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Ba
tteries

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Cl
assification of electrochemical storages

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30
Re
chargeable (secondary) batteries

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i
.Requirements for Anodes, Cathodes and Electrolytes of rechargeable batteries

......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

T
echnology Path for Alternative Power-trains

........................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

P
lug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV's)

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Performance Parameters
35


......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

D
eep Cycle Life

............................................................................................................................ . . . . . .25

S
afety

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T
he Discharge-, Regenerative- and Cold Cranking Pulse Power

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Master Thesis
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis
A
vailable energy

................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

40
C
ycle Life

........................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

P
erformance of Actual Battery Technology

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Co
st of Batteries

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b.Ca

thodes

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Cha

pter 3

............................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

45
W
hat is Complexity of a Society?

...................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

W
hy is Growth So Important

................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Re
source Scarcity and Debt

............................................................................................................. . . .57

W
hy Most Can't do the Math

............................................................................................................. .58

T
he Concept of Exponential Growth is the Most Misunderstood Concept.

.................................... . . .59

50
D
ebt

........................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

P
hysical Limits in the Learning Curve

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Conc

lusion

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O
utlook for Future Research

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L
iterature

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55
F
igures and Tables

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60

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10
Master Thesis
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis
Abstract
65
The Paper is dedicated to examining if a distributed energy storage could lead us out of
future energy scarcity. Since the starting point of every usage of any resource, people tend
to question if it is sustainable for the current society and for all our future.
Core questions
1
Current Technologies: Storage
Technologies and their distributed Usage
2
Outlook and Lessons Learned: What
developments can we expect in the future
and what kind of Business cases
3
Are the two Parameters enough to
sustain a welfare for current society and
future
70
From the beginning of electricity production to today, a smal number of
companies has been dominating the electricity production industry. These companies have
become the key suppliers of this increasingly important technology.
In recent decades the electricity generation market has undergone significant
75
change. New powers have emerged with an unprecedented increase in demand for
energy (such as China).

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Master Thesis
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
15
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis

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Master Thesis
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis
Introduction
The central question for most technical issues is how we can sustain a society in a rapidly
growing and expanding system. It is necessary to find solutions to support an increasing
85
consumption of resources and energy. We now know that the fossil fuels on our planet are
finite. We are also destroying our biosphere, which is necessary to produce our food for
our home as world citizens. As I have learned in my ecological and economic studies there
have been many thinkers who have examined the relationship between a society and the
cost of its complexity. The first ancient societies used slaves for making their society more
90
complex. They leveraged their own work in a efficient way into a wealth or welfare. 1
We currently have expanding energy consumption, as we can see from the BP Energy
Outlook.
Figure World Energy Outlook from BP Source: BP
http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle800.do?categoryId=9037134&contentId=7068677
95
It is assumed that economic or human growth is connected to more energy consumption
and a increasing pressure on our resources. One of the most exciting graphs is the
simulation of several growing parameters in the book Limits of Growth by Meadows:
1 Page 214 in Dept David Graebner

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Master Thesis
20
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis
100
Figure World Standard Model Source: Limits of Growth 1970, Meadows (Meadows, 1972)
How can this model be correct besides the fact, that our society is inventing more and
more technologies and the LCOE2 will increase for al technology.
105
There is considerable evidence that we are in an every expanding society. Since the
beginning of human history, societies -have overestimating their willingness to leverage
themselves. As a result, the complexity of the existing systems has been increasing. It is
110
necessary to understand the leverage points.
The ancient Roman Empire managed to increase their complexity to import energy in form
from food from the colonies. Many other complex societies managed to leverage their
living standards through other methods mostly from external sources.
115
So we have to assume, that we need at least 20 to 1 leverage to continue our current
society. Charles Hall3 estimates that the United States runs on an EORI of just 40 to 1. If
we now assume a EORI of about 40 for to 1 with Hydro- Electricity, as the most efficient
renewable energy source a 100% switch to renewable sources with no losses in
120
complexity is simply mathematical not possible, due the losses in storage and distribution
etc.
2 Leveraged Cost of Energy
3 http://www.esf.edu/EFB/hall/

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Master Thesis
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
25
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis
125
M
Figure "Balloon graph" representing quality (EROI - Y axis) and quantity (X axis) of
the United States economy for various fuels at various times. Arrows connect fuels from
various times (i.e. domestic oil in 1930, 1970, 2005 - "today"), and the size of the
"balloon" represents part of the uncertainty associated with EROI estimates, i.e. larger
"balloons" represent more uncertainty. The horizontal line indicates that there is some
minimum EROI that is needed to make society work, and the vertical line to the left
indicates one estimate of maximum forestry potential and the vertical line to the right is
David Pimentel's earlier estimate of total photosynthesis in the United States (Source: US
EIA, Cutler Cleveland and C. Hall's own EROI work in preparation). (Charles A. Hall, 2009)
130

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Master Thesis
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis
Methodology
In order to answer the core questions of this paper there will be number of short computer
Calculations. However, there will be considerable research into the future relationship of
135
renewable energy.
The core question for a society should be: what kind of consequences will the different
parameters have for the current society and their future. In other words what must
technology provide for a society in order to survive or to increase their welfare or their
140
complexity?
The complexity of a society can also be described as follows:
In anthropology and archaeology, a complex society is a social formation that is otherwise
described as a formative or developed state.[citation needed] The main criteria of
complexity are:[citation needed]
The extent of a division of labour in which members of society are more or less
permanently specialized in particular activities and depend on others for goods and
services, within a system regulated by custom and laws.
The population size of a human community; the larger the population, the more
complex and variegated the co-existence of people tends to become.
Table Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_society
145
I will focus on the technology with the most potential resource: Photovoltaic in combination
with distributed storages to maintain the current design of the electrical grid and with the
potential to be an alternative for transportation. It is important to get a deeper
understanding of the current technology state in photovoltaics and storage. In order to get
150
a deep understanding of the current possibilities, a literature research has been conducted
by reviewing a number of current publications. The main sources of this material have
been conference presentations and reports of major research, governmental and non-
governmental institutions such as the Post Carbon Institute.

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Master Thesis
30
MSc Program
`The Role of Distributed Energy Storage'
Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe
Thomas Reis
155
Structure of the Work
After the introduction this paper will provide an overview on photovoltaic electricity
production technologies and PV related storage technologies.
160
In Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 (with Co Author Christian Kopecek) there will also a short
introduction, to explain the technological innovations and to outline the innovative
possibilities for these two exemplary key technologies
Chapter 3 will provide a deeper understanding of how energy and society and economy
165
are correlated with electricity as a example. The paper will explain why there is a deep
correlation between energy and the economy.
Chapter 4 will discuss methodology of correlating energy with other parts of society. At the
end of the chapter the paper will present some calculations, and discuss what kind of
170
parameters can be changed to answer the core question.
The conclusion will summarize the answers to the research questions and discuss the
175
need for future research.

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