Acid Rain
What is acid rain?
Acid rain is rain that has been made acidic by certain pollutants in the air. Acid rain is a type of acid deposition,
which can appear in many forms. Wet deposition is rain, sleet, snow, or fog that has become more acidic than
normal. Dry deposition is another form of acid deposition, and this is when gases and dust particles become
acidic. Both wet and dry deposition can be carried by the wind, sometimes for very long distances. Acid
deposition in wet and dry forms falls on buildings, cars, and trees and can make lakes acidic. Acid deposition in
dry form can be inhaled by people and can cause health problems in some people
What causes acid rain?
Sources of Acid Rain
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react
with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain. Sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by the wind. As a result, the two
compounds can travel long distances where they become part of the rain, sleet, snow, and fog that we
experience on certain days.
Human activities are the main cause of acid rain. Over the past few decades, humans have released so many
different chemicals into the air that they have changed the mix of gases in the atmosphere. Power plants
release the majority of sulfur dioxide and much of the nitrogen oxides when they burn fossil fuels, such as coal,
to produce electricity. In addition, the exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases nitrogen oxides and sulfur
dioxide into the air. These pollutants cause acid rain.
Acid Rain is Caused by Reactions in the Environment
Nature depends on balance, and although some rain is naturally acidic, with a pH level of around 5.0, human
activities have made it worse. Normal precipitation—such as rain, sleet, or snow—reacts with alkaline
chemicals, or nonacidic materials, that can be found in air, soils, bedrock, lakes, and streams. These reactions
usually neutralize natural acids. However, if precipitation becomes too acidic, these materials may not be able
to neutralize all of the acids. Over time, these neutralizing materials can be washed away by acid rain. Damage
to crops, trees, lakes, rivers, and animals can result.
Why is acid rain harmful?
Acid Rain Can Cause Health Problems in People
Air pollution like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause respiratory diseases, or can make these
diseases worse. Respiratory diseases like asthma or chronic bronchitis make it hard for people to breathe. The
pollution that causes acid rain can also create tiny particles. When these particles get into people’s lungs, they
can cause health problems, or can make existing health problems worse. Also, nitrogen oxides cause ground
level ozone. This groundlevel ozone causes respiratory problems, like pneumonia and bronchitis, and can
even cause permanent lung damage. The health effects that people have to worry about are not caused by the
acid rain, but are caused when people breathe in these tiny particles or ozone. Swimming in an acidic lake or
walking in an acidic puddle is no more harmful to people than swimming or walking in clean water.
Acid Rain Harms Forests
Acid rain can be extremely harmful to forests. Acid rain that seeps into the ground can dissolve nutrients, such
as magnesium and calcium, that trees need to be healthy. Acid rain also causes aluminum to be released into
the soil, which makes it difficult for trees to take up water. Trees that are located in mountainous regions at
higher elevations, such as spruce or fir trees, are at greater risk because they are exposed to acidic clouds and
fog, which contain greater amounts of acid than rain or snow. The acidic clouds and fog strip important
nutrients from their leaves and needles. This loss of nutrients makes it easier for infections, insects, and cold
weather to damage trees and forests.
Acid Rain Damages Lakes and Streams
Without pollution or acid rain, most lakes and streams would have a pH level near 6.5. Acid rain, however, has
caused many lakes and streams in the northeast United States and certain other places to have much lower
pH levels. In addition, aluminum that is released into the soil eventually ends up in lakes and streams.
Unfortunately, this increase in acidity and aluminum levels can be deadly to aquatic wildlife, including
phytoplankton, mayflies, rainbow trout, small mouth bass, frogs, spotted salamanders, crayfish, and other
creatures that are part of the food web.
This problem can become much worse during heavy downpours of rain or when the snow begins to melt in the
spring. These types of events are known as episodic acidification.
Acid Rain Damages Buildings and Objects
Acid rain can also have a damaging effect on many objects, including buildings, statues, monuments, and cars.
The chemicals found in acid rain can cause paint to peel and stone statues to begin to appear old and worn
down, which reduces their value and beauty.
What is being done?
Now that you know why acid rain is a problem, you might be wondering what’s being done to control it.
Regulations and new technologies are helping reduce acid rain.
EPA’s Acid Rain Program
Power plants generate the electricity we use every day. Unfortunately, power plants also produce large
amounts of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide—the pollutants that cause acid rain—when they burn fossil fuels,
especially coal, to produce energy. Congress passed a law called the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and
this law said that EPA should start the Acid Rain Program. The program limits, or puts a cap on, the amount of
sulfur dioxide that power plants can release into the air and issues allowances to the power plants to cover
their sulfur dioxide emissions. It also reduces the amount of nitrogen oxides that power plants can release.
Reducing Pollution
Scientists have found different ways to reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide released from coalburning power
plants. One option is to use coal that contains less sulfur. Another option is to “wash” the coal to remove some
of the sulfur. The power plant can also install equipment called scrubbers, which remove the sulfur dioxide
from gases leaving the smokestack. Because nitrogen oxides are created in the process of burning coal and
other fossil fuels, some power plants are changing the way they burn coal.
Other Sources of Energy
A great way to reduce acid rain is to produce energy without using fossil fuels. Instead, people can use
renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Renewable energy sources help reduce acid rain
because they produce much less pollution. These energy sources can be used to power machinery and
produce electricity.
Cleaner Cars
Cars and trucks are major sources of the pollutants that cause acid rain. While one car alone does not produce
much pollution, all the cars on the road added together create lots of pollution. Therefore, car manufacturers
are required to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides and other pollutants released by new cars. One type of
technology used in cars is called a catalytic converter. This piece of equipment has been used for over 20
years to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides released by cars. Some new cars can also use cleaner fuels,
such as natural gas.
Cars that produce less pollution and are better for the environment are often labeled as low emissions
vehicles. You can find out which vehicles are low emissions vehicles by looking at EPA’s Green Vehicle Guide.
Information taken from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Website:
http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/education/site_students/whatisacid.html
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