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Acid rain is rain that has been made acidic by certain pollutants in the air. Acid rain is a type of acid deposition, which can appear in many forms. Wet deposition is rain, sleet, snow, or fog that has become more acidic than normal. Dry deposition is another form of acid deposition, and this is when gases and dust particles become acidic. Both wet and dry deposition can be carried by the wind, sometimes for very long distances. Acid deposition in wet and dry forms falls on buildings, cars, and trees and can make lakes acidic. Acid deposition in dry form can be inhaled by people and can cause health problems in some people
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Acid Rain
What is acid rain? 
Acid rain is rain that has been made acidic by certain pollutants in the air. Acid rain is a type of acid deposition, 
which can appear in many forms. Wet deposition is rain, sleet, snow, or fog that has become more acidic than 
normal. Dry deposition is another form of acid deposition, and this is when gases and dust particles become 
acidic. Both wet and dry deposition can be carried by the wind, sometimes for very long distances. Acid 
deposition in wet and dry forms falls on buildings, cars, and trees and can make lakes acidic. Acid deposition in 
dry form can be inhaled by people and can cause health problems in some people 
What causes acid rain? 
Sources of Acid Rain
 
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides 
are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react 
with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain. Sulfur dioxide and 
nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by the wind. As a result, the two 
compounds can travel long distances where they become part of the rain, sleet, snow, and fog that we 
experience on certain days. 
Human activities are the main cause of acid rain. Over the past few decades, humans have released so many 
different chemicals into the air that they have changed the mix of gases in the atmosphere. Power plants 
release the majority of sulfur dioxide and much of the nitrogen oxides when they burn fossil fuels, such as coal, 
to produce electricity. In addition, the exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases nitrogen oxides and sulfur 
dioxide into the air. These pollutants cause acid rain. 
Acid Rain is Caused by Reactions in the Environment 
Nature depends on balance, and although some rain is naturally acidic, with a pH level of around 5.0, human 
activities have made it worse. Normal precipitation—such as rain, sleet, or snow—reacts with alkaline 
chemicals, or non­acidic materials, that can be found in air, soils, bedrock, lakes, and streams. These reactions 
usually neutralize natural acids. However, if precipitation becomes too acidic, these materials may not be able 
to neutralize all of the acids. Over time, these neutralizing materials can be washed away by acid rain. Damage 
to crops, trees, lakes, rivers, and animals can result. 
Why is acid rain harmful? 
Acid Rain Can Cause Health Problems in People
 
Air pollution like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause respiratory diseases, or can make these 
diseases worse. Respiratory diseases like asthma or chronic bronchitis make it hard for people to breathe. The 
pollution that causes acid rain can also create tiny particles. When these particles get into people’s lungs, they 
can cause health problems, or can make existing health problems worse. Also, nitrogen oxides cause ground­ 
level ozone. This ground­level ozone causes respiratory problems, like pneumonia and bronchitis, and can 
even cause permanent lung damage. The health effects that people have to worry about are not caused by the 
acid rain, but are caused when people breathe in these tiny particles or ozone. Swimming in an acidic lake or 
walking in an acidic puddle is no more harmful to people than swimming or walking in clean water. 
Acid Rain Harms Forests 
Acid rain can be extremely harmful to forests. Acid rain that seeps into the ground can dissolve nutrients, such 
as magnesium and calcium, that trees need to be healthy. Acid rain also causes aluminum to be released into 
the soil, which makes it difficult for trees to take up water. Trees that are located in mountainous regions at 
higher elevations, such as spruce or fir trees, are at greater risk because they are exposed to acidic clouds and 
fog, which contain greater amounts of acid than rain or snow. The acidic clouds and fog strip important 
nutrients from their leaves and needles. This loss of nutrients makes it easier for infections, insects, and cold 
weather to damage trees and forests. 
Acid Rain Damages Lakes and Streams 
Without pollution or acid rain, most lakes and streams would have a pH level near 6.5. Acid rain, however, has

caused many lakes and streams in the northeast United States and certain other places to have much lower 
pH levels. In addition, aluminum that is released into the soil eventually ends up in lakes and streams. 
Unfortunately, this increase in acidity and aluminum levels can be deadly to aquatic wildlife, including 
phytoplankton, mayflies, rainbow trout, small mouth bass, frogs, spotted salamanders, crayfish, and other 
creatures that are part of the food web. 
This problem can become much worse during heavy downpours of rain or when the snow begins to melt in the 
spring. These types of events are known as episodic acidification. 
Acid Rain Damages Buildings and Objects 
Acid rain can also have a damaging effect on many objects, including buildings, statues, monuments, and cars. 
The chemicals found in acid rain can cause paint to peel and stone statues to begin to appear old and worn 
down, which reduces their value and beauty. 
What is being done? 
Now that you know why acid rain is a problem, you might be wondering what’s being done to control it. 
Regulations and new technologies are helping reduce acid rain. 
EPA’s Acid Rain Program 
Power plants generate the electricity we use every day. Unfortunately, power plants also produce large 
amounts of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide—the pollutants that cause acid rain—when they burn fossil fuels, 
especially coal, to produce energy. Congress passed a law called the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and 
this law said that EPA should start the Acid Rain Program. The program limits, or puts a cap on, the amount of 
sulfur dioxide that power plants can release into the air and issues allowances to the power plants to cover 
their sulfur dioxide emissions. It also reduces the amount of nitrogen oxides that power plants can release. 
Reducing Pollution 
Scientists have found different ways to reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide released from coal­burning power 
plants. One option is to use coal that contains less sulfur. Another option is to “wash” the coal to remove some 
of the sulfur. The power plant can also install equipment called scrubbers, which remove the sulfur dioxide 
from gases leaving the smokestack. Because nitrogen oxides are created in the process of burning coal and 
other fossil fuels, some power plants are changing the way they burn coal. 
Other Sources of Energy 
A great way to reduce acid rain is to produce energy without using fossil fuels. Instead, people can use 
renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Renewable energy sources help reduce acid rain 
because they produce much less pollution. These energy sources can be used to power machinery and 
produce electricity. 
Cleaner Cars 
Cars and trucks are major sources of the pollutants that cause acid rain. While one car alone does not produce 
much pollution, all the cars on the road added together create lots of pollution. Therefore, car manufacturers 
are required to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides and other pollutants released by new cars. One type of 
technology used in cars is called a catalytic converter. This piece of equipment has been used for over 20 
years to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides released by cars. Some new cars can also use cleaner fuels, 
such as natural gas. 
Cars that produce less pollution and are better for the environment are often labeled as low emissions 
vehicles. You can find out which vehicles are low emissions vehicles by looking at EPA’s Green Vehicle Guide. 
Information taken from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Website: 
http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/education/site_students/whatisacid.html


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