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Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid: Case Studies: Democratic Governance and Economic Growth Integration

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In the early 1980s, millions of poor Peruvians needed access to public institutions that would give them legal identity and legal recognition of their property and businesses. Gaining legal recognition was essential to the participation of these Peruvians in the formal market economy. The Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD), founded by Hernando de Soto, helped Peruvians voice this need for property rights so they could escape the trap of informality and prosper under the rule of law.
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Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid:


Case Studies:
Democratic Governance and Economic Growth Integration

July 2008















USAID/A/AID
Room 6.9-073 RRB
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20523-7600
Tel. 202-712-4002 Fax 202-712-0077











Introduction
































July 1, 2008



The Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid (ACVFA) was invited by USAID in
February 2007 to provide to agency leadership feedback and recommendations regarding
the U.S. foreign assistance reforms.

Two areas of the Committee’s recommendations addressed economic growth and
governing justly and democratically. Presented for draft discussion at the ACVFA’s
Spring 2007 public meeting, the papers were finalized in July 2007.

It is the Committee’s belief that greater integration of USAID’s democratic governance
and economic growth programs would enhance their implementation and the overall
goals of development. As a result, the ACVFA’s February 28, 2008 public meeting was
a forum on creating greater synergy between these two sectors, focusing on both
USAID’s programs as well as cutting-edge partnerships.

Based on the positive response received at the February meeting, the Committee is
pleased to present the following case studies highlighting the “real world” integration of
economic growth and democratic governance programs. Representing a variety of
sectors and a diverse group of countries spanning Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa,
and the Middle East, the studies reflect the various facets and benefits of program
integration.

The ACVFA would particularly like to thank ACDI/VOCA, America’s Development
Foundation, the Center for International Private Enterprise, Communications Cooperative
International, Land O’Lakes International Development, and Research Triangle Institute
for their contributions. In addition, we would like to acknowledge the editing prowess of
Johanna Fernando and Caroline Scullin of CIPE and Drew Cleveland, an ACVFA intern,
who oversaw this project at its inception. The ACVFA welcomes feedback as continued
engagement will enhance the success of future programs.


The Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid


















Case Studies







Democracy That Delivers 
Expanding Economic Opportunity in Peru, 1984–1996   


Challenge 
 
In the early 1980s, millions of poor Peruvians 
needed access to public institutions that would 
give them legal identity and legal recognition of 
their property and businesses. Gaining legal 
recognition was essential to the participation of 
these Peruvians in the formal market economy. 
The Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD), 
founded by Hernando de Soto, helped Peruvians 
voice this need for property rights so they could 
escape the trap of informality and prosper under 
the rule of law. 

 
Peru: A woman receives the title to her home at a 
ceremony in Peru.

Initiative 
 
 
 
The Center for International Private Enterprise 
Impact  
supported ILD as it publicized the costs of 
 
informality and demonstrated that the poor 

8.5 million poor Peruvians now legally own 
themselves are part of the solution. ILD succeeded 
their real estate assets (as of 2007) 
in convincing the Peruvian Government to establish 
 
an Office of the Ombudsman, which received 

1.7 million urban real estate assets were 
complaints about people’s difficulties in gaining 
formalized; the net value of these assets has 
formal ownership of their homes and businesses. 
increased by $2.9 billion 
ILD also prompted government initiatives and laws 
 
to issue property titles to the poor, register small 

382,100 businesses – belonging mainly to the 
businesses, and simplify numerous administrative 
poor – were formalized  
requirements. These reforms gave the poor a stake 
 
in society. 

Newly formalized businesses created 554,000 
 
new legal jobs and paid $7.8 billion in 
*USAID provided principal funding for ILD’s programs. 
additional taxes 
CIPE supported ILD’s advocacy initiatives with funding from 
 
the National Endowment for Democracy.*

The Shining Path terrorist movement was 
 
deprived of popular support 
 

Center for International Private Enterprise



Expanding Small Business Participation in Reform 
Egypt SME Advocacy Capacity Strengthened, 2007‐2009 
 
Challenge 
 
One of the key challenges for Egypt’s small and 
medium‐sized enterprise (SME) community is to 
increase its participation in reform, advance their 
interests and expand participatory governance. 
SMEs employ nearly 66 percent of the non‐
agriculture labor force in Egypt and are a significant 
economic force. Despite this, their voice is heard in 
the reform process.  
 
Initiative 

 
 
Egypt: Team‐building among SBAs at ADF Egypt. 
America’s Development Foundation (ADF)’s two‐
 
year Small Business Association Advocacy Initiative 
Impact  
works with 26 small businesses associations (SBAs) 
 
to help them conduct more effective advocacy with 
• 17 campaigns are being conducted across Egypt 
the goal of more fully engaging small business in 
by SBAs with improved advocacy skills.  
Egypt’s political reform and democratic governance 
Campaigns will improve women’s economic 
efforts. With better advocacy and networking skills, 
situation, develop policies for youth 
SBAs: 
employment and occupational health and 
 
safety, and establish a process for regular 
(1) participate more effectively in public decision‐
government‐SME interaction.  
making; (2) undertake local, regional, or national 
 
advocacy campaigns on issues of importance to 
• SBAs in Egypt have a stronger, united voice in 
SMEs and that contribute to needed political 
the reform process.  
reforms; and (3) build stronger regional and 
 
national SBA networks to serve as focal points for 
These reforms will lead to an improved business 
action and for enhancing participation of the SBA 
development environment for entrepreneurs and 
community in Egypt’s political arena. 
small business owners. As important, stronger civic 
 
awareness among SBAs, combined with more 
To date, ADF has built the capacity of 19 SBAs from 
interaction and partnerships among SBAs and 
15 governorates by providing training, technical 
between SBAs and local and national government 
assistance, and a forthcoming online networking 
bodies, will produce greater government 
site and resource databank. ADF is providing small 
responsiveness and dialog and hasten reform. 
grant support for 17 SBA advocacy campaigns. 

 
*This program is funded by USAID * 



Ethiopian Coffee Cooperatives  
An Ancient, Indigenous Crop Takes on New Value  
1999‐2004  


Challenge  
 
Ethiopia – the birthplace of Arabica coffee – grows 
a wide variety of highly differentiated, exemplary 
coffees, most of which are produced by 
smallholder farmers and are shade‐grown without 
chemical inputs. 
 
In 1999, the challenges to the coffee industry 
seemed overwhelming: poor processing resulted in 
low and inconsistent coffee quality, export sales 
were regulated through a national auction that 
mixed coffees from different locations, investment 
 
in production and processing and loan funds for 
Ethiopia: “Without cooperatives,” said Asnake Bekele, general 
manager of the Sidama union, “Ethiopian growers would be out 

marketing were unavailable, coffee cooperatives 
of the market.” 
were institutionally and technically weak, and lack 
 
of market understanding resulted in a 
 Impact 
concentration on quantity rather than quality. 
 
 
• In 2004, $1.63 million was paid to the 
Initiative 
producers in dividends. 
 
 
ACDI/VOCA helped the country’s statist 
• In 2005, in an internet auction of top co‐op 
cooperatives reorganize, hire professional 
coffees run by the ECafe Foundation and 
managers, expand access to credit, and secure bulk 
supported by ACDI/VOCA, the average price 
input and marketing deals. ACDI/VOCA has helped 
paid to growers was $3.22 per pound – $1.30 
cooperatives representing 150,000 growers 
more than the market price.  
improve quality and, in many cases, obtain Fair 
 
Trade certification. 

 
Shirkina sun‐dried coffee produced by the Fero 
New cooperatives, especially four powerful 
Cooperative was Starbucks’ eighth Black Apron 
second‐tier cooperative unions, helped farmers 
Exclusive®. Its retail price was over $25 per 
attract a higher price and a bigger share of the 
pound. 
price. The cooperatives gained licensed export 
 
authority, thus bypassing the government’s central 
*This program was funded by USAID* 
auction to make high‐margin direct sales.  
 


Zambia Dairy Cooperatives  
Improving Business Opportunities for Farmers   
1996‐2003  


Challenge 
 
Small‐scale Zambian farmers were traditionally 
served by government‐sponsored, highly 
subsidized cooperatives that were disbanded in the 
shift to a market economy. Land O’Lakes (LOL) 
worked in Zambia to introduce agricultural 
cooperatives, which are now an example of 
catalyzing economic growth and investment in a 
former socialist economy. 
 
Initiative 

 
Zambia:  Agricultural cooperatives have catalyzed economic growth. 
 
 
To enhance productivity and increase farm 
Impact 
incomes, in 1996, LOL began to establish self‐

managed farmer‐owned cooperatives to source 
• During the 2002 and 2003 drought, secondary 
inputs, diversify, and market crops.  
cooperatives doubled maize and legume yields 
 
for 30,000 farmers. 
The program worked with local staff, who 

undertook intensive, community‐based training to 
• Participating groups increased their collective 
build production, business, financial, and 
income by $1.8 million over five years. 
organizational skills among cooperative members. 
 
Local trainers and a strong field presence allowed 
• 14,000 farmers have adopted conservation 
loan distributors to know and trust individual 
farming practices, allowing them to move away 
farmers. The cooperatives have helped farmers 
from subsistence farming and increase yields 
access credit for inputs, with excellent repayment 
for maize, sunflower, and soya. 
rates. 
 
 
*This project was funded by USAID* 
Independent cooperatives continue to grow: today, 
 
members have formed 371 primary cooperatives 
(called rural group businesses) and 97 secondary 
cooperatives (called depots‐associations). 
 



Assisting Local Governments  
Effective Management In A Transitioning Indonesia  
2001‐2005    


Challenge
 
In the late 1990s, Indonesia’s economic crisis, 
resentment against central control of local 
resources, and the impracticality of a central 
system in an ethnically diverse and geographically 
spread‐out country, led Indonesia to initiate an 
ambitious decentralization program in response to 
calls for more democratic participation in 
governance processes. 
 
Initiative
 
  Indonesia: RTI and the Ministry of Home Affairs lead a conference on 
regional governance for local and regional government and civil 
The Performance‐Oriented Regional Management 
  society participants.  
(PERFORM) project supported the Government of 
 
Indonesia’s implementation of the  
Impact 
decentralization program. PERFORM worked in 80 
 
districts throughout the country to develop 
• PERFORM and Ministry of Finance 
participatory planning and budgeting mechanisms. 
recommendations were incorporated into 
Research Triangle Institute (RTI) prepared 
national law guiding local taxes and user 
participatory development plans, introduced 
charges, creating more open local business 
performance‐based budgeting, and improved 
environments.  
intergovernmental transfers and tax policy.  
 
 
• Public‐private dialogue was initiated in 80 local 
For many Indonesian local governments, this was 
government jurisdictions, addressing economic 
their first experience in developing and 
development planning and implementation. 
implementing local economic growth priorities.  
Such cooperation was virtually non‐existent 
 
prior to decentralization. 
*This project was funded by USAID* 
 

 
 
 




Providing Local Governance 
Support in Indonesia 
2005‐2009 

 
Challenge 
 
During Indonesia’s long period as a centralized state, 
local governments had little authority to plan based 
on community needs, raise and manage local 
revenues, or develop and execute local budgets. 
With decentralization, local governments have been 
required to rapidly expand their role. However, not 
all municipalities were prepared for the challenge. 
 
Initiative 

 
Indonesia: LGSP helps local governments adapt to their expanded 
 
roles in core governance areas. 
 
Through the Local Governance Support Project 
 
(LGSP), RTI is working with stakeholders in 75 
Impact 
localities across Indonesia to help them adapt to 
 
their expanded roles in core governance areas. Local 
• The Kediri and Enrekang regions created 
stakeholders have identified a number of key 
procedures for a stakeholder forum to identify 
priorities, including small and medium‐sized 
target groups, design transparent eligibility 
enterprise (SME) business development services, 
criteria, and provide SME business management 
more efficient and supportive SME regulation, and 
support services. 
microfinance services for SMEs. 
 
 
• Local governments in Kediri and Enrekang have 
LGSP helps improve management systems and 
made their operations more transparent and 
service delivery, and encourages service providers to 
shared governance decisions with stakeholders. 
leverage limited local government resources. LGSP 
 
works to ensure that improved practices are adapted 
• Business clinics in Jeneponto and Tebing Tinggi 
to local government planning and budgeting cycles, 
regions assist the local SME community with 
built into performance management and evaluation 
business development, marketing information, 
systems, and made available to other local 
consultation, and advocacy. 
governments in Indonesia through documentation of 
 
best practices. 
*This project was funded by USAID* 
 
 
 
 


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