Alex

"Anyway"
"So"
"Well"
I.E
markers

speech

as

used

Often
Adverbials
23

of
2
1 of 23
Adjacency Pairs
Two people carrying out a conversation co-operatively and
fluidly
I.E Questions and Answers
Statement + statement
*Distrupted agencey pairs could suggest argument/tension*

---

speech

in

earlier

occured
have

should

which

detail
a
in

filling

by

Self-correction
Backtracking
23

of
4
3 of 23
Agenda Setting
Setting the topic/subject of discussion

---

"so"
"but"
"And"
conjunctions/connections)
by

joined

(clauses

clauses

co-ordinating

of

Use
String

Compound
23

of
6
5 of 23
Colloquialism
Slang/informal speech
Possibly
"OK"
"Pretty well"

---

monologues)

longer

in

occurs
(oftern

speech

own

in

topic/subject

Changing
Digression
23

of
8
7 of 23
Deictics
Expressions which depend on contect for meaning
E.g. Pronouns replace nouns
'Susan' refered to as -> 'she'
'the table' refered to as -> 'it'
a story/situation refered to as -> 'this', 'that' etc
Deitics suggest shared knowledge/experience between speakers

---

tonight?"

out

going

you

"Are

--->

tonight?"

"Out
E.g.
meaning

of

loss

without

words

of

omission

The
Ellipsis
23

of

10
9 of 23
Elision (contraction)
Contraction/shortening of words
i.e. 'Don't'
'Gotta'
'You're'

---

ETC
hell"

"Bloody
"Shit"
words

Swear
Expletives
23

of

12
11 of 23
Exclamatories
Exclamations
E.g.
"Oh my"
"Shit!"
*Unlikely for exclamation marks to appear on a written transcript

---

speaking

finished
not

has

speaker

the

that

indicated

to

"Er"

"Um",
Pause

Fillers/Voiced
23

of

14
13 of 23
False Starts
-Retracing something just said to replace it with
another phrase
-Speaker changes direction or begins again

---

transcripts

in

(.)

and

(2.0)

by

Indicated
micropauses
+
Pauses
Hesitations
23

of

16
15 of 23
Hedges
Use of vague, less certain language
E.g.
"Sort of"
"Kind of"
"I think"
"Thingy"

---

interruption*

argumentative

or

rude

always

not
-
friendship

of

sign

be

*May
transcripts

in

symbols
] [
or
//
by

indicated

Usually
overlaps)

(see

speaker

other

by

interrupted

gets

someone

When
Interuptions
23

of

18
17 of 23
Interjection
Mini exclamations
E.g. 'Oh!' 'God!'
*May also be known as ejaculaton...*

---

'Right?'

'Ok?'

E.g.
said

being

is
what

following

is

listener

the

that

check

to

used

phrases

or

Words
circularity

sympathetic

of

Marks
23

of

20
19 of 23
Incomplete Sentences
Most utterances take form of incomplete, minor or ungrammatical
sentences
(Non-standard grammar)

---