Anti-oxidative effects of Phellinus linteus and red ginseng extracts on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage

BMB
reports
Anti-oxidative effects of Phellinus linteus and red ginseng
extracts on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage
Byung-Jae Park1, Yeong-Seok Lim1, Hee-Jung Lee1, Won Sik Eum2, Jinseu Park2, Kyu Hyung Han2, Soo Young Choi2,* & Kil
Soo Lee1,*
1Department of Life Science, 2Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym
University, Chunchon 202-702, Korea
Anti-oxidative effect of Phellinus linteus (P. linteus) and red
age incurred both at the cellular and molecular levels (5).
ginseng extracts on DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen
Consequently regular intake of antioxidants in the form of nat-
species (ROS) were investigated in this study. P. linteus (PLE)
ural products may be beneficial for health, longevity, and vital-
and red ginseng extracts (RGE) inhibited the breaking of E. coli
ity by means of removing, directly or indirectly, the generated
ColE1 plasmid DNA strands as well as nuclear DNA of rat
ROS.
hepatocytes damaged by oxidative stress. In addition, a re-
Phellinus linteus (P. linteus) is a mushroom which is classi-
action mixture of PLE and RGE showed synergistic inhibitory
fied as Basidiomycotina, Aphylloporales, Hymenochaetaceae,
effect against DNA damage. These results suggest that PLE and
Phellinus. It is usually used in traditional oriental medicine,
RGE have a cellular defensive effect against DNA damage in-
and has been reported to have many pharmaceutical attrib-
duced by ROS. [BMB reports 2009; 42(8): 500-505]
utes, including anti-mutagenicity and anti-cytotoxicity (6), an-
ti-cancer as well as enhancement of immunity (7, 8), and anti-
oxidant properties (9). Reports suggested that the anti-cancer
INTRODUCTION
effect of P. linteus might be an indirect action by activating cy-
totoxic cells and macrophages in order to increase the poten-
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (?O2?),
tial immune response potential (10).
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (?OH) are
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a perennial herb
produced as by-products of the normal metabolism of aerobic
which belongs to Panax Araliaceae, and its roots are used as a
organisms (1). ROS cause oxidative damage in biological mac-
general tonic in traditional oriental medicine to increase
romolecules such as DNA, protein, and fatty acids with vari-
health, longevity, and vitality, especially in the elderly (11).
ous effects including cancer, the aging process (1), cell death
Red ginseng is made by steaming and drying fresh ginseng,
(2), and in functional changes to the proteosome and lysoso-
suggesting chemical transformations of active physiological
mal systems of lipid metabolism (3).
properties occur via the production process (12). Ginseng is
Oxidative damage is considered a major type of endoge-
considered to have various effects such as the suppression of
nous damage leading to the aging process. Animals have nu-
the growth and metastasis of cancer cells (13), activation of
merous antioxidant defenses, but these defenses weaken and
glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and SOD to protect against dam-
become inadequate with age. Superoxides are transformed in-
age done by free radicals in rats (14), as well as decreasing ma-
to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase (SOD), and H2O2 is de-
londialdehyde (MDA), and increasing the activities of SOD
graded into H2O by catalase. However, some of the hydrogen
and catalase in humans (15). Non-Saponins in red ginseng
peroxide is transformed into hydroxyl radicals by Fenton re-
could improve learning and memory (16), while acid-poly-
actions and Haber-Weiss reactions which may cause serious
saccharides activate natural killer cells and the production of
cellular damage in response to oxidative damage in certain
interferons (17).
conditions (4). Therefore, it is suggested that a combination of
Although a number of studies have reported various (antiox-
antioxidants might be of greater benefit against oxidative dam-
idant, antitumor, anti-mutagenicity, including immune re-
sponsive potentials) medical benefits of P. linteus and red gin-
*Corresponding author. Kil Soo Lee, Tel: 82-33-248-2093; Fax:
seng, the effects of P. linteus and red ginseng on free radical
82-33-256-3420; E-mail: lks@hallym.ac.kr, Soo Young Choi, Tel:
DNA damage have not yet been reported. This study inves-
82-33-248-2112; Fax: 82-33-241-1463; E-mail: sychoi@hallym.ac.kr
tigated the protective effects of P. linteus and red ginseng ex-
tracts (PLE, RGE) on bacterial plasmid DNA strand breaks
Received 10 February 2009, Accepted 9 March 2009
caused by hydroxyl radicals produced by H2O2 and FeCl2 in
Keywords: Antioxidant, DNA damage, Phellinus linteus (P. linteus),
DNA fragmentation assays (18, 19). The effects of these ex-
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Red ginseng
tracts on the degradation of eukaryotic nuclear DNA in rat liv-
500 BMB reports
http://bmbreports.org

---

P. linteus, red ginseng and DNA damage
Byung-Jae Park, et al.
er cells caused by hydroxyl radicals produced by H2O2 were
in Fig. 1). However, the DNA breaks were prevented when the
examined using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, comet
hydroxyl radical scavenger (catalase) was incubated with re-
assay). In addition, the possibility of a synergistic inhibition of
action mixture. As shown in Fig. 1 (lane 5), the catalase sig-
DNA damage by a reaction mix of PLE and RGE was tested.
nificantly protected the DNA from oxidative damage. On the
other hand, PLE inhibited the DNA break in a dose-dependent
RESULTS
manner as shown in Fig. 1A, lanes 6-8. On the basis of the
DNA band intensities of the supercoiled and nicked circular
P. linteus extracts (PLE) and red ginseng extracts (RGE) could
forms, the inhibitory effects on DNA strand breaks was also
inhibit bacterial plasmid DNA breaks caused by H2O2 and
observed by the RGE. The inhibitory effects of RGE were much
FeCl2
lower compared to those of PLE under the same conditions
To investigate the effects of P. linteus and red ginseng extracts
(Fig. 1B, lane 6-8).
on bacterial plasmid DNA breaks caused by oxidative stress,
?In addition, PLE and RGE extracts were applied together to
DNA fragmentation assays were performed under various con-
determine if the combination could enhance or suppress the
centrations of PLE (Fig. 1A), RGE (Fig. 1B) or both (Fig. 1C). It
defensive effects against DNA damage compared to either
was observed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and FeCl2 could
alone. When both extracts were added in combination to the
induce oxidative stress by generating hydroxyl radicals.
DNA under oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and FeCl2, the
Hydroxyl radicals broke the supercoiled form of plasmid DNA
intensities of the DNA bands of the supercoiled forms in-
and markedly enhanced the nicked circular DNA form (lane 4
creased to the control levels (Fig. 1C, lane 8), in comparison to
those treated singly with PLE or RGE (Fig. 1C lanes, 6 and 7).
These results suggest that PLE and RGE could synergistically
protect against DNA strand breaks caused by H2O2 - and FeCl2 -
induced oxidative stress.
Fig. 1. Effects of PLE (A), RGE (B), and combined PLE and RGE
(C) on ColE1 plasmid DNA damage. Total reaction volume (10
?l) was incubated for 2 h. Gel electrophoresis was performed in
0.8% agarose gel. Lanes in A and C are as follows: lane 1, Con-
trol (ColE1 plasmid DNA 0.21 ?g); lane 2, 1 mM H2O2; lane 3,
0.05 mM FeCl2; lane 4, 1 mM H2O2 + 0.05 mM FeCl2; lane 5,
1 mM H2O2 + 0.05 mM FeCl2 + catalase 13.4 ?g; lane 6, 1
Fig. 2. The effect of PLE on DNA damage caused by hydrogen
mM H2O2 + 0.05 mM FeCl2 + PLE, RGE, or PLE and RGE 5
peroxide in rat hepatocytes. Cell number: 60 cells/plate, Magnifi-
?g; lane 7, 1 mM H2O2 + 0.05 mM FeCl2 + PLE, RGE, or PLE
cation: ×400. (A) Control (Rat hepatocyte); (B) 0.5 mM H2O2; (C)
and RGE 10 ?g; lane 8, 1 mM H2O2 + 0.05 mM FeCl2 + PLE,
0.5 mM H2O2 + catalase 23.6 ?g; (D) 0.5 mM H2O2 + PLE 50
RGE, or PLE and RGE 20 ?g.
?g/ml; (E) 0.5 mM H2O2 + PLE 100 ?g/ml; (F) PLE 100 ?g/ml.
http://bmbreports.org
BMB reports 501

---

P. linteus, red ginseng and DNA damage
Byung-Jae Park, et al.
may have antioxidant properties and therefore able to inhibit
PLE and RGE showed protective effects on eukaryotic nuclear
nuclear DNA damage induced by H2O2 in eukaryotic cells.
DNA damage induced by oxidative stress
A comet assay was also conducted using extracts of red gin-
A single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) was conducted
seng on eukaryotic nuclear DNA damage. Our results showed
to investigate the effects of PLE and RGE on eukaryotic nuclear
that treatment with RGE resulted in decreased nuclear DNA
DNA damage using freshly prepared rat hepatocytes. Typically
tail lengths and furthermore displayed increased protective ef-
in comet assays, the tail lengths of nuclear DNA are observed
fects (Fig. 3D and 3E). However, the inhibitory effects of RGE
as a mark of DNA damage. Here, the tail lengths were esti-
were lower than that of the PLE (Figs. 2E and 3E).
mated at 0-10 ?m in control treatments (Fig. 2A, 3A, and 4A)
?To verify whether a combination of both extracts could en-
which increased to 40-50 ?m in 0.5 mM H2O2 treated re-
hance the protective effects of each extract, we added both ex-
actions indicating serious nuclear DNA damage (Fig. 2B, 3B,
tracts (50 and 100 ?g/ml) in the same reaction mixture and ex-
and 4B). When catalase was added to the damaged DNA, the
amined nuclear DNA tail lengths. The mixture containing both
tail lengths of nuclear DNA protected to the control levels (Fig.
extracts did not significantly increase or decrease the tail
2C, 3C, and 4C), indicating that catalase completely protects
lengths, indicating that no additional damage was done to nu-
against nuclear DNA damage induced by H2O2. These results
clear DNA (Fig. 4F) by the extracts. However, when both the
served as positive controls for the current experiment to assess
extracts were added following oxidative stress, the tail lengths
the antioxidant activities of PLE and RGE. In the case of PLE
were completely reduced to the control levels and both ex-
treatment following oxidative stress, the tail lengths of nuclear
tracts were more effective than either individually (Fig. 4D and
DNA were reduced to the same sizes as shown in the control
4E). These results indicate that PLE and RGE have antioxidant
experiments in a PLE dose-dependent manner (Fig. 2D and
properties and protect synergistically from oxidative stress.
2E). In addition, PLE alone did not cause any damage to hep-
atocyte nuclear DNA (Fig. 2F). These results suggest that PLE
Fig. 4. The effect of PLE and RGE on DNA damage caused by hydro-
Fig. 3. The effect of RGE on DNA damage caused by hydrogen per-
gen peroxide in rat hepatocytes. Cell number: 60 cells/plate,
oxide in rat hepatocytes. Cell number: 60 cells/plate, Magnification:
Magnification: ×400. (A) Control (Rat hepatocyte); (B) 0.5 mM H2O2;
×400. (A) Control (Rat hepatocyte); (B) 0.5 mM H2O2; (C) 0.5 mM
(C) 0.5 mM H2O2 + catalase 23.6 ?g; D, 0.5 mM H2O2 + PLE 50
H2O2 + catalase 23.6 ?g; (D) 0.5 mM H2O2 + GRE 100 ?g/ml; (E)
?g/ml + RGE 50 ?g/ml; (E) 0.5 mM H2O2 + PLE 100 ?g/ml + RGE
0.5 mM H2O2 + GRE 200 ?g/ml; (F) GRE 200 ?g/ml.
100 ?g/ml; (F), PLE 100 ?g/ml + GRE 100 ?g/ml.
502 BMB reports
http://bmbreports.org

---

P. linteus, red ginseng and DNA damage
Byung-Jae Park, et al.
fragmentation and comet assays in the present study.
DISCUSSION
To examine whether combinations of PLE and RGE could
be more effective against DNA damage, we conducted DNA
All living organisms produce reactive oxygen species (ROS),
fragmentation and comet assays were performed. When both
such as ?O ?
2 (superoxide), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), and
extracts were combined into the mixture of H2O2 and FeCl2,
?OH (hydroxyl radical), and have various effective defense
the protection against DNA strand breaks was more effective at
mechanisms to degrade ROS during normal metabolic proc-
lower concentrations than in single applications of the extracts
esses in oxygen exposed environments (1). However, ROS can
singularly (Fig. 1C, lane 6-8). Similar results were also ob-
accumulate in organisms, incurring severe damage to the mac-
tained from comet assays (Fig. 4) where protective effects were
romolecules including DNA, protein, and fatty acids (4).
displayed in a concentration-dependent manner. Although it is
Natural products used in oriental medicine have been reported
still unknown which components or mechanisms in both ex-
to have many physiological and pharmaceutical attributes, es-
tracts operate to protect from oxidative injuries, it is likely that
pecially as antioxidants, anti-tumorogenic agents, in anti-aging,
the two extracts are able to work synergistically to improve
and in promoting longevity and general health (6-10). There is
their inhibitory functions against DNA damage induced by oxi-
a continuous demand for health-aids and natural drugs in the
dative stress.
increasing aging population. It is well known that the pharma-
Taken together, our results suggest that PLE and RGE ex-
ceutical beneficial effects of red ginseng and P. linteus. A vari-
tracts were potent anti-oxidant by protective effect against oxi-
ety of oligosaccharides, including ?-glucan from P. linteus,
dative stress-induced bacterial DNA strand breaks. Further-
were reported to be medically beneficial, including enhancing
more, these extracts were more effective synergistically on the
immunogenicity and activating macrophages, which in turn se-
DNA damage incurred on eukaryotic nuclear DNA exposed to
crete cytokines to activate the antitumorogenic responses (20).
oxidative stress. Therefore, those data presented in this study
However, their effects on DNA damage induced by ROS are
may provide the possible therapeutic values of PLE and RGE
still unclear.
extracts for the prevention of DNA damage progression and
In a DNA fragmentation assay, PLE effectively inhibited
oxidative stress.
ColE1 plasmid DNA strand breaks induced by hydroxyl radi-
cals produced by exposure to H2O2 and FeCl2. The protective
MATERIALS AND METHODS
effects of PLE on DNA damage were significantly increased
concentration-dependent manner.
Materials
Next, we performed a comet assay to investigate the effects
ColE1 plasmid DNA (D-9683) from E. coli C600, agarose
of PLE on DNA damage to eukaryotic nuclei using primary cul-
(Type II: Medium EEO, A-6877), ferrous chloride (FeCl2), cata-
tured rat hepatocytes. Treatment with H2O2 caused damage,
lase (from Aspergillus niger, C-3515), and hydrogen peroxide
indicated by increased nuclear DNA tail lenghts (Fig. 2B).
(30%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St.
Catalase repaired the injury, evidenced by decreased tail
Louis, MO, USA). All of the other reagents were of the highest
lengths to control levels (Fig. 2C) and PLE showed inhibitory
quality generally available.
effects on nuclear DNA damage in a concentration-dependent
manner (50 and 100 ?g/ml) as shown in the DNA fragmenta-
Water extracts of P. linteus (PLE) and water fractions of red
tion assay (Fig. 2D and 2E). These results are consistent with
ginseng (RGE)
the effects of ethanol extracts of PL on radical 1,1-di-
P. linteus was purchased locally and extracts were made using
phenyl-2-picrylhyrazyl (DPPH), suggesting that both water ex-
heat extraction fractionation. 10 volumes of distilled water
tracts and ethanol extracts may inhibit the DNA damage by di-
were added and extracted at 100oC for 10 hours following fil-
rectly removing the hydroxyl radical (21). On the other hand,
tration using 3 M filter paper (0.45 ?M) to remove debris. The
RGE displayed protective effects against DNA strand breaks,
filtered extracts were freeze-dried and stored at 4oC prior to
but protected weakly at high concentrations (20 ?g/ml) in
use. Red ginseng extracts were kindly provided by Hanil
DNA fragmentation assays (Fig. 1B, lanes 6-8). Similar ob-
Insam Inc, Chunchon, Korea.
servations of RGE were reported earlier where RGE was shown
to exhibit diminished ability to quench free radicals (22, 23).
DNA fragmentation assay
However, in the present work, RGE (200 ?g/ml) was shown to
ColE1 plasmid DNA (0.21 ?g) was prepared to a final volume
markedly inhibit nuclear DNA damage by comet assays (Fig.
of 10 ?l in sterile H2O. The DNA was mixed with 1 mM of
3D and 3E) when compared to DNA strand breaks in DNA
H2O2 and 0.05 mM of FeCl2. The PLE (5, 10, 20 ?g/ml) and/or
fragmentation assays. This disparity was apparently due to
RGE (5, 10, 20 ?g/ml) were added in the reaction mixture and
RGE concentrations differences. Our results indicate that the
further incubated at 37oC for 2 h. Electrophoresis was immedi-
PLE and RGE have antioxidant properties in oxidative stress by
ately performed in 0.8% agarose gel and then the gels were
radical scavenging. Further studies remain to be elucidated
stained with ethidium bromide solution for 30 minutes, and
why the PLE appeared to be more effective than RGE in DNA
washed for 2 h. The bands in the gels were observed on a UV
http://bmbreports.org
BMB reports 503

---

P. linteus, red ginseng and DNA damage
Byung-Jae Park, et al.
transilluminator, and analyzed using a computer image analy-
Extracts. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 322-328.
sis system (camera: Sony XC-75CE, program: BioCaptMW) (24,
7. Kim, H. M., Han, S. B., Oh, G. T., Kim, Y. H., Hong, D.
25).
H., Hong, N. D. and Yoo, I. D. (1996) Stimulation of hu-
moral and cell mediated immunity by polysaccharide
Single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay)
from mushroom Phellinus linteus. Int. J. Immunopharmac.
18, 295-303.
The comet assay was performed as described by Ding et al.
8. Han, S. B., Lee, C. W., Jeon, Y. J., Hong, N. D., Yoo, I. D.,
(1999) and Singh et al (1998) with slight modifications (26,
Yang, K. H. and Kim, H. M. (1999) The inhibitory effect of
27). Rat hepatocytes were prepared from 4-5 week old male
polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus linteus on tumor
Spraque-Dawley Albino rats. Animals were purchased from
growth and metastasis. Immunopharmacol. 41, 157- 164.
the Experimental Animal Center, Hallym University, Chun-
9. Song, Y. B., Kwak, Y. S., Park, K. H. and Chang, S. K.
cheon, Korea. Primary rat hepatocytes were isolated from ani-
(2002) Effect of total saponin from red ginseng on activ-
mals using a two-step collagenase perfusion method as pre-
ities of antioxidant enzymes in pregnant rats. J. Ginseng
viously described (28). A suspension of hepatocytes (1.0 × 106
Res. 26, 139-144.
cells/ml, 100 ?l) was treated with 0.5 mM H
10. Lee, J. W. and Bang, K. W. (2001) Biologycal Activity of
2O2, PLE (50 and
100 ?g/ml) or RGE (100 and 200 ?g/ml) and further incubated
Phellinus spp. Food Ind. Nurt. 6, 25-33.
11. Choi, H. J., Han, H. S., Park, J. H., Son, J. H., Bae, J. H.,
for 2 h. The cell suspensions (5 ?l) were mixed with 0.7% low
Seung, T. S. and Choi, C. (2003) Antioxidantive,
melting point (LMP) agarose, spread on a 0.7% normal agarose
Phospholipase A2 Inhibiting, and Anticancer Effect of
pre-coated microscope slide and placed at 4oC for 5 min to al-
Polyphenol Rich Fractions from Panax ginseng C. A.
low for solidification. The cells on the slides were lysed at 4oC
Meyer. J. Korean Soc. Agric. Chem. Biotechnol. 46, 251-
for 1 h in cell lysis buffer (2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM EDTA, 10%
256.
Triton X-100, with freshly added 1% DMSO, pH 10.0). The
12. Park, J. D. (1996) Recent studies on the chemical con-
slides were then placed for 20 minutes in electrophoresis buf-
stituents of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer).
fer (300 mM NaOH, 1 mM Na
Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 20, 389-396.
2EDTA, pH 13) to allow DNA
unwinding and expression of alkali-labile sites. After electro-
13. Jang, S. K., Kim, J. H., Chung, Y. S., Ahan, O. C., Kang,
M., Lee. D. K. and Kim, S. K. (1994) An experimental
phoresis, the slides were neutralized in 0.4 M Tris buffer (pH
study on the effect of immunopotential and anticancer ef-
7.5) for 10 minutes and stained with EB solution (propidium
fect of red ginseng extract. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 18,
iodide) for 1 h. All slides were analyzed under a fluorescence
151-159.
microscope system (Kinetic Imaging Ltd, UK) and Macro 2000
14. Abdel-Wahhab, M. A. and Ahmed, H. H. (2004) Protective
(Kinetic Imaging Ltd, UK).
Effect of Korean Panax ginseng against Chromium VI
Toxicity and Free Radicals Generation in Rats. J. Ginseng
Acknowledgements
Res. 28, 11-17.
This work was supported by Hallym University Research Fund
15. Kim, G. Y., Park, H. S., Nam, B. H., Lee, S. J. and Lee, J.
2007 (HRF-2007-031) and in part by a Regional Innovation
D. (2003) Purification and characterization of acidic pro-
teo-heteroglycan from the fruiting body of Phellinus lin-
Center (RIC) Grant from Ministry of Knowledge Economy.
teus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng. Bioresource Technol. 89,
81-87.
REFERENCES
16. Kurimoto, H., Nishijo, H., Uwano, T., Yamaguchi, H.,
Zhong, Y. M., Kawanishi, K. and Ono, T. (2004) Effect of
1. Ames, B. A., Shigenaga, M. K. and Hagen, T. M. (1993)
nonsaponin fraction of red ginseng on learning deficits in
Oxidant, antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of
aged rats. Physiol. Behav. 82, 345-355.
aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 90, 7915-7922.
17. Park, K. M., Kim, Y. S., Jeong, T. C., Joe, C. O., Shin, H. J.,
2. Barbouti, A., Doulias, P., Nousis, L., Tenoulou, M. and
Lee, Y. H., Nam, K. Y. and Park, J. D. (2001) Nitric oxide
Galaris, D. (2002) DNA damage and apoptosis in hydro-
is involved in the immunomodulating activities of acidic
gen peroxide-exposed jurkat cells: bolus addition versus
polysaccharide from Panax ginseng. Planta Medica 67,
continuous generation of H2O2. Free Radic. Biol. Med.
122-126.
33, 691.
18. Xu, Z. M., Gao, W. R., Mei, Q., Chen, J. and Lu, J. (2008)
3. Szweda, P. A., Friguet, B. and Szweda, L. I. (2002) Pro-
The novel gene LRP15 is regulated by DNA methylation
teolysis, free radicals, and aging. Free Radic. Biol. Med.
and confers increased efficiency of DNA repair of ultra-
33, 29-36.
violet-induced DNA damage. BMB reports 41, 230-235.
4. Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1998) Free radicals
19. Yang, Y., Wang, J., Xu, C., Pan, H. and Zhang, Z. (2006)
in biology and medicine, 2 nd ed. Oxford Science, New
Maltol inhibits apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cells
York, USA.
induced by hydrogen peroxide. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 39,
5. Mates, M. (2000) Effects of antioxidant enzymes in the
145-149.
molecular control of reactive oxygen species toxicology.
20. Ljungman, A., G., Leanderson, P. and Tagesson, C. (1998)
Toxicol. 153, 83-104.
(1?3)-?-D-Glucan stimulates nitric oxide generation and
6. Ji, J. H., Kim, M. N., Chung, C. K. and Ham, S. S. (2000)
cytokine mRNA expression in macrophages. Environ.
Antimutagenic and Cytotoxicity Effects of Phellinus linteus
Toxicol. Pharmacol. 5, 273-271.
504 BMB reports
http://bmbreports.org

---

P. linteus, red ginseng and DNA damage
Byung-Jae Park, et al.
21. Song, Y. S., Kim, S. H., Sa, J. H., Jin, C. B., Lim, C. J. and
(2008) Antioxidant potential of silk protein sericin against
Park, E. H. (2003) Anti-angiogenic, antioxidant and xan-
hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in skin
thine oxidase inhibition activities of the mushroom
fibroblast. BMB reports 41, 236-241.
Phellinus linteus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 88, 113-116.
26. Ding, W. X., Shen, H. M., Zhu, H. G., Lee, B. L. and Ong,
22. Kim, D. J., Seong, K. S., Kim, D. W., Ko, S. R. and Chang,
C. N. (1999) Genotoxicity of microcystic cyanobacteria
C. C. (2004) Antioxidative effects of red ginseng saponins
extract of a water source in China. Mutat. Res. 442,
on paraquat-induced oxidative stress. J. Ginseng Res. 28,
69-77.
5-10.
27. Singh, N. P., McCoy, M. T., Tice, R. R. and Schneider, E.
23. Lee, H. O. and Park, O. J. (1998) Antioxidant effect of
L. (1988) A simple technique for quantitation of low levels
phenolic acid and ginseng extract in aqueous system.
of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp. Cell Res. 175,
Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 30, 34-43.
184-191.
24. Choi, J. W., Lee, S. B., Ahn, J. Y. and Lee, K. H. (2008)
28. Ding, W. X., Shen, H. M., Zhu, H. G. and Ong, C. N.
Disruption of ATP binding destabilize NPM/B23 and in-
(1998) Studies on oxidative damage induced by cyano-
hibits anti-apoptotic function. BMB reports 41, 840-845.
bacteria extract in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.
25. Dash, R., Acharya, C., Bindu, P. C. and Kundu, S. C.
Environ. Res. 78, 12-18.
http://bmbreports.org
BMB reports 505

---