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Artificial Satellites
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Artificial Satellites Escape Velocity For an object to escape the Earth it must have a velocity of 11.8 km s -1 (42 000 km hr -1 ). Earth has an…
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- Artificial Satellites
- Escape Velocity For an object to escape the Earth it must have a velocity of 11.8 km s -1 (42 000 km hr -1 ). Earth has an atmosphere because the molecules cannot reach this velocity and so are trapped around the Earth. The Moon has a lower escape velocity of 2.3 km s -1 as it is less massive than the Earth. As a result it does not have an atmosphere. Jupiter has a much greater escape velocity, 60+ km s -1 which even hydrogen can’t reach.
- Rockets The gases escaping from the exhaust propel a rocket in the opposite direction (following Newton’s 3rd law - every action has an equal and opposite reaction). A rocket contains two liquids, a propellant and an oxidant . These are fed into a combustion chamber where they react and produce hot gas thus propelling the rocket forwards. A rocket works better in a vacuum where there is no air resistance.
- Rockets A modern rocket launcher consists of several rockets mounted on top of each other (a step-vehicle). The larger lower rocket does all the work until it exhausts its fuel supply and breaks away leaving the second rocket to continue its journey. Nasa’s Ares V (left) and Ares I (right): Ares I will carry a crew exploration vehicle into space. It uses a five-segment solid rocket booster for the first stage. A liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engine will power the crew exploration vehicle’s second stage. Ares V, a heavy lift launch vehicle, will use five liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engines mounted below an external tank and two five-segment solid propellant rocket boosters for the first stage. It will carry cargo and components to the Moon and later to Mars.
- Rocket Launch http://www. youtube .com/watch? v=aq_4Mm-1-C0
- Launching Satellites The satellite will enter an elliptical orbit whose size and shape will depend upon its initial velocity and direction . The period of the orbit will depend on the distance of the satellite from the Earth’s centre (point of gravity). Above 250 km there is not much atmosphere left so the satellite is unaffected by friction. If the satellite orbits within the atmosphere its orbital radius will decrease until it is burned away.
- First Artificial Satellite 4th October 1957 - The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1 ( ???????-1) . The size of a football, it carried a radio transmitter. The satellite travelled in its low altitude orbit at a velocity of 29 000 km hr -1 . Helped to determine the density of the upper atmosphere and looked at radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. Spent three months in orbit before re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
- Types of Satellites
- Satellites can be seen passing in the sky. They disappear from view if they pass into
- the shadow of the Earth. They are used for:
- Communications - TV, radio, telephone (variety of orbits)
- Weather (polar orbits or geostationary orbits)
- Environmental studies of the Earth (polar orbits)
- Astronomical Satellites 1st February 1958 - The US launches their first successful satellite, the Explorer 1. It discovered the Van Allen Belts - regions where the Earth’s magnetic field lines traps charged particles from the Sun. Solar flares produce more particles which cascade towards the poles causing the beautiful aurorae (N pole: Aurora Borealis; S pole: Aurora Australis).
- Cosmic Rays Satellites can be used to study cosmic rays - high speed atomic particles that approach the Earth from all directions. They react with the molecules in the atmosphere.
- Cosmic Rays 1977 - 1989: Voyager 1 and 2 were designed to probe the heliopause - the outer limits of the Sun’s magnetic field and the outward flow of the solar wind.
- Other satellites As the atmosphere blocks out certain wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, satellite observatories are required to observe objects at these wavelengths: X-ray, Ultraviolet, Infrared, Optical, Microwave (see ‘Telescopes’ lesson) There are (and have been) many space missions where satellites or probes have been launched into space. At an altitude of 36 000 km a satellite moving above the equator will keep pace with the rotating Earth - this is a geosynchronous orbit.
- Unmanned Space Missions 1985: Giotto took close-up images of the nucleus of Comet Halley.
- Unmanned Space Missions 1989: Magellan collected radar images of Venus, covering 98% of its surface.
- Unmanned Space Missions 1989: Galileo consisted of an orbiter and an atmospheric probe to study Jupiter and some of its moons including icy Europa.
- Unmanned Space Missions 1997: The Cassini/Huygens spacecraft consisted of the Cassini orbiter and the Huygens probe. It was designed to study the rings of Saturn and the surface of one of its moons, Titan.
- Unmanned Space Missions 1997: The Cassini/Huygens spacecraft consisted of the Cassini orbiter and the Huygens probe. It was designed to study the rings of Saturn and the surface of one of its moons, Titan.
- Unmanned Space Missions 2003: The Mars Exploration Rover is studying the surface of Mars - it is measuring the composition of the rocks and soils and looking for evidence of the past presence of water.
- Unmanned Space Missions 2005: Deep Impact took images of Comet Tempel, in particular its nucleus. An impactor measured the composition of the nucleus.
- Unmanned Space Missions 2007: Dawn will study two asteroids (in-between Mars and Jupiter) called Ceres and Vesta to understand the role of size and water content in the evolution of planets.
- Unmanned Space Missions 2009: Kepler will detect and characterise hundreds of Earth-like planets orbiting their stars in habitable zones.
- Manned Space Missions 1961: Yuri Gagarin of Soviet Russia made the first journey round the Earth in a space capsule called Vostok 1 ( ??????-1). The journey took 1 hr 48 min.
- Manned Space Missions 1969: Apollo 11 was the first successful mission to land on the Moon. The crew consisted of Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins. Apollo 1 resulted in the deaths of the 3 astronauts at the launchpad, and Apollo 13 had to abort its mission and return to Earth after a malfunction with an oxygen tank.
- Manned Space Missions 1973: Skylab was the first space station built by the US to orbit the Earth. It was designed to carry out scientific and medical experiments - it detected holes in the solar corona. It stayed in orbit for 6 years.
- Manned Space Missions 1986: Mir ( ???) had continuous human presence for 10 years - the longest period of all the space stations. Russian astronauts were involved in the maintenance of the station while American astronauts conducted scientific experiments in the areas of human physiology, life science, microbiology and materials science.
- Manned Space Missions 1998: The International Space Station is still being constructed and is in a low Earth orbit making it clearly visible in the sky as a fast-moving bright point. The ISS is a place to conduct experiments that require one or more of the unusual conditions present on the station. The main fields of research are biomedical and biotechnology, fluid physics, materials science, quantum physics, astronomy and meteorology.
- http: //radmila-topalovic . blogspot .com
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