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Chapter 6 ap psych- Perception
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Perception Chapter 6 Perception The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information, which enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Selective Attention Perceptions about objects change from moment…
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- Perception Chapter 6
- Perception
- The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information, which enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
- Selective Attention
- Perceptions about objects change from moment to moment. We can perceive different forms of the Necker cube; however, we can only pay attention to one aspect of the object at a time.
- Inattentional Blindness
- Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. Simmons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game.
- Change Blindness
- Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions.
- Perceptual Illusions Illusions provide good examples in understanding how perception is organized. Studying faulty perception is as important as studying other perceptual phenomena. Line AB is longer than line BC.
- Tall Arch In this picture, the vertical dimension of the arch looks longer than the horizontal dimension. However, both are equal. Rick Friedman/ Black Star
- Illusion of a Worm The figure on the right gives the illusion of a blue hazy “worm” when it is nothing else but blue lines identical to the figure on the left. © 1981, by permission of Christoph Redies and Lothar Spillmann and Pion Limited, London
- 3-D Illusion It takes a great deal of effort to perceive this figure in two dimensions. Reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier Science-NL. Adapted from Hoffman, D. & Richards, W. Parts of recognition. Cognition, 63, 29-78
- Perceptual Organization
- When vision competes with our other senses, vision usually wins – a phenomena called visual capture .
- How do we form meaningful perceptions from sensory information?
- We organize it. Gestalt psychologists showed that a figure formed a “whole” different than its surroundings.
- Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
- Grouping After distinguishing the figure from the ground, our perception needs to organize the figure into a meaningful form using grouping rules.
- Grouping & Reality
- Although grouping principles usually help us construct reality, they may occasionally lead us astray.
- Depth Perception
- Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even newborn animals show depth perception.
- Binocular Cues
- Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Try looking at your two index fingers when pointing them towards each other half an inch apart and about 5 inches directly in front of your eyes. You will see a “finger sausage” as shown in the inset.
- Binocular Cues
- Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see faraway objects.
- Monocular Cues
- Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away.
- Monocular Cues
- Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer.
- Monocular Cues Relative Clarity: Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those objects that appear sharp and clear.
- Monocular Cues
- Texture Gradient: Indistinct (fine) texture signals an increasing distance.
- Monocular Cues
- Relative Height: We perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower.
- Monocular Cues
- Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction.
- Monocular Cues
- Linear Perspective: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge in the distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
- Monocular Cues
- Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one appears to be farther away.
- Motion Perception
- Motion Perception: Objects traveling towards us grow in size and those moving away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.
- Apparent Motion
- Phi Phenomenon: When lights flash at a certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. Neon signs use this principle to create motion perception.
- Perceptual Constancy
- Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. Perceptual constancies include constancies of shape and size.
- Size Constancy
- Stable size perception amid changing size of the stimuli.
- Size-Distance Relationship
- The distant monster (below, left) and the top red bar (below, right) appear bigger because of distance cues.
- Size-Distance Relationship Both girls in the room are of similar height. However, we perceive them to be of different heights as they stand in the two corners of the room. Both photos from S. Schwartzenberg/ The Exploratorium
- Ames Room The Ames room is designed to demonstrate the size-distance illusion.
- Lightness Constancy The color and brightness of square A and B are the same. Courtesy Edward Adelson
- Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the object.
- Perceptual Interpretation
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences.
- John Locke (1632-1704) argued that we learn to perceive the world through our experiences.
- Restored Vision
- After cataract surgery, blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationships, yet they had difficulty distinguishing a circle and a triangle (Von Senden, 1932).
- Facial Recognition
- After blind adults regained sight, they were able to recognize distinct features, but were unable to recognize faces. Normal observers also show difficulty in facial recognition when the lower half of the pictures are changed.
- Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.
- Perceptual Adaptation
- Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field, e.g., prism glasses.
- Perceptual Set
- A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures.
- Perceptual Set (a) Loch ness monster or a tree trunk; (b) Flying saucers or clouds? Other examples of perceptual set. Frank Searle, photo Adams/ Corbis-Sygma Dick Ruhl
- Schemas Children's schemas represent reality as well as their abilities to represent what they see. Schemas are concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information. Courtesy of Anna Elizabeth Voskuil
- Features on a Face Students recognized a caricature of Arnold Schwarzenegger faster than his actual photo. Face schemas are accentuated by specific features on the face. Kieran Lee/ FaceLab, Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia
- Eye & Mouth Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in face recognition. Courtesy of Christopher Tyler
- Context Effects Is the “magician cabinet” on the floor or hanging from the ceiling? Context can radically alter perception.
- Cultural Context To an East African, the woman sitting is balancing a metal box on her head, while the family is sitting under a tree. Context instilled by culture also alters perception.
- Perception Revisited Is perception innate or acquired?
- Perception & Human Factors
- Human Factor Psychologists design machines that assist our natural perceptions.
- Human Factors & Misperceptions
- Understanding human factors enables us to design equipment to prevent disasters.
- Human Factors in Space
- To combat conditions of monotony, stress, and weightlessness when traveling to Mars, NASA engages Human Factor Psychologists.
- Is There Extrasensory Perception?
- Perception without sensory input is called extrasensory perception (ESP). A large percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP.
- Claims of ESP
- Paranormal phenomena include astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with the dead, and out-of-body experiences, but most relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.
- Claims of ESP
- Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them.
- Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend’s house on fire.
- Precognition: Perceiving future events, such as a political leader’s death.
- Premonitions or Pretensions?
- Can psychics see the future? Can psychics aid police in identifying locations of dead bodies? What about psychic predictions of the famous Nostradamus?
- The answers to these questions are NO! Nostradamus’ predictions are “retrofitted” to events that took place after his predictions.
- Putting ESP to Experimental Test
- In an experiment with 28,000 individuals, Wiseman attempted to prove whether or not one can psychically influence or predict a coin toss. People were able to correctly influence or predict a coin toss 49.8% of the time.
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