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Christaller’S Central Place Theory
- Added: May, 12th 2011
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- Christaller’s Central Place Theory & Reilly’s Law of Retail Gravitation Valentina Kasperova IB Geography HL Unit: Settlements
- Key Terms To Understand
- Central Place – A settlement, i.e. hamlet, village or market town
- Range – Maximum distance people are prepared to travel for a good or service
- Threshold – Minimum # of people required for a good or service to stay alive
- Low Order Goods – necessities (bread)
- High Order Goods – luxuries (computer)
- Sphere of Influence – Area served and affected by a settlement
- Key Assumptions
- Isotropic Island – area with no variation in relief or climate – flat
- Rational Behavior – assumption that people minimize distance they travel to obtain a good or service
- Even Distribution – population and resources
- All consumers have similar purchasing power
- Transportation costs are equal in all directions and proportional to distance
- Arrangement of Central Places
- Because transport is equally reachable from all distances, market areas are CIRCULAR (Graph C)
- HOWEVER – Circular shape results in un-served or other served market areas (grey areas)
- So, Christaller suggested a HEXAGON shape (Graph D)
- What this suggests :
- - within a given area, there will be fewer high order settlements (towns) in relation to lower order settlements
- - theoretically, settlements are equidistant from each other, higher order settlements further away from each other
- Key Principle Threshold & Range Applied
- In theory – low order goods have a low range and low threshold – less people needed to support it, smaller the distance people are willing to travel
- Low range and low threshold goods are sold in SMALL TOWNS, VILLAGES etc.
- Higher ranges and higher thresholds are sold in LARGE TOWNS
- Same true for services – small town likely to have only general doctor, city a hospital ect.
- Intro – Gravitational Models
- Based on Newton’s law of gravity
- As size of one town increases, so does the movement between them
- However, further apart towns are, the less movement ? distance decay
- Models can be used to predict:
- Traffic flows
- Migration between 2 areas
- For our purposes, the concept of breaking points is essential – customer preferences caused by distance
- Breaking Points Reilly’s Gravitation Model Applied
- Gravitational models say: along a route between Point A and Point B there will be a breaking point
- People on left side of the breaking point would shop in Town A, while people on right side of it would shop in Town B
- Operates on assumption that larger towns attract more people ? logical behavior
- See attachment for applied examples
- Limitations to Gravity Models
- Limitations regarding these two assumptions
- Larger the town, the stronger the attraction
- People purchase in a logical way
- Problem is that assumptions do not always have to be true
- Examples:
- Traffic jam on way to larger town, difficult and expensive parking
- Smaller town might have fewer but higher quality shops
- Smaller center might be more comfortable: cleaner, modern, safer
- Some people might have to depend on public transport ? difficult
- Basis is assumptions are UNREALISTIC – people aren’t predictable
- A Little Visual… Important Note: The borders basically are the breaking points between the settlements
- Limitations to CPT
- Large areas of flat land rarely exist (i.e. Netherlands) ? transport is “uneven”
- More types of transport – costs cannot be proportional to distance
- People and wealth are not evenly distributed
- People do not always go to the nearest place
- Purchasing power of people differs
- Perfect competition is unreal – some make more than others
- Shopping habits have changed – People travel larger distances to buy lower order goods (i.e. hypermarkets)
- Theory sees central place as having a particular function ? in reality, places have several which change over time
- The model is
- COMPLETELY UNREALISTIC
- In today’s world
- So Why Do We Have/Use It ... ?
- Theory has helped geographers and planners to locate new services and plan settlements (i.e. Tesco)
- Valuable information can come from analysis of the model’s results vs. reality ? explaining the difference
- NEVER FIT REALITY INTO THE MODEL, FIT THE MODEL INTO REALITY
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