Definition, Testing and Application of Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera Gel
Definition, Testing and Application of Aloe Vera and
Aloe Vera Gel
Definition
Aloe Vera is the colourless mucilaginous gel obtained from the parenchymatous cells in
the fresh leaves of Aloe vera (L) Burm. f. (Liliaceae) (1,2).
Nomenclature
Aloe barbadensis Mill., Aloe chinensis Bak., A. elongata Murray, A. indica Royle, A.
afficinalis Forsk., A. perfoliata L., A. rubescens DC, A. vera L. var. littoralis König ex
Bak., A. vera L. var chinesis Berger, A. vulgaris Lam. (25). Most formularies and
reference books regard Aloe barbadensis Mill. As the correct species name, and Aloe vera
(L.) Burm. f. as a synonym. However, according to the International Rules of Botanical
Nomenclature, Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. is the legitimate name for this species (24). The
genus Aloe has also been placed taxonomically in the family called Aloeaceae.
The Story of Aloe Vera
The plant Aloe Vera has a history dating back to biblical time.
Aloe vera plant is not a cactus, but a member of the tree lily family, know as Aloe
barbadensis. It produces a tubular yellow flower in the spring that is typical of the lily
family.
There are over 250 species of aloe grown around the world. Only two species are grown
commercially: Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe aborescens. The Aloe plant is grown
in warm tropical areas and cannot survive freezing temperatures. In the United States,
most of the Aloe is grown in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas, Florida and Southern
California. Internationally, Aloe can be found in Mexico, the Pacific Rim countries,
India, South America, Central America, the Caribbean, Australia and Africa.
The original use of the Aloe plant was in the production of Aloin, a yellow sap used for
many years as a laxative ingredient by the pharmaceutical industry. Another main
ingredient: Aloe Gel, a clear colorless semisolid gel that was also stabilized and
marketed. This Aloe Vera Gel, beginning in the 50’s, has gained respect as a commodity
used as a base for nutritional drinks, as a moisturizer, and a healing agent in cosmetics
and OTC drugs. Chemical analysis has revealed that this clear gel contains amino acids,
minerals, vitamins, enzymes, proteins, polysaccharides and biological stimulators. Public
interest is Aloe has grown quickly, and now there is a considerable amount of research
into the various components of Aloe to find our more about their properties and to
characterize these components so that more specific research can provide clues to the
“magic” that is attributed to Aloe Vera.
For more information go to the Aloe Research studies links.
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Definition, Testing and Application of Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera Gel
Description
Succulent, almost sessile perennial herb; leaves 3050 cm long and 10 cm broad at the
base; colour peagreen (when young spotted with white); bright yellow tubular flowers
2535 cm in length arranged in a slender loose spike; stamens frequently project beyond
the perianth tube.
Liquid Gel from the fresh leaf
Aloe Vera Gel is not to be confused with the juice, which is the bitter yellow exudate
originating from the bundle sheath cells of the leaf. The drug Aloe consists of the dried
juice.
General appearance
The gel is a viscous, colourless, transparent liquid.
Organoleptic properties
Viscous, colourless, odourless, taste slightly bitter.
Geographical
Probably native to North Africa along the upper Nile in the Sudan, and subsequently
introduced and naturalized in the Mediterranean region, most of the tropics and warmer
areas of the world, including Asia, the Bahamas, Central America, Mexico, the southern
United States of America, southeast Asia, and the West Indies.
Identity Test
NMR
Microbiology
The test for Samonella spp. In Aloe Vera Gel should be negative. Acceptable maximum
limits of the other microorganisms are as follows. For external use: aerobic bacteria –not
more than 10²/ml; funginot more than 10²/ml; enterobacteria and certain Gramnegative
bacteria not more than 10¹/ml; Staphylococcus spp. –0/ml. (Not used internally.)
Moisture
Contains 98.5% water
Pesticide residues
To be established in accordance with the national requirements. For guidance, see WHO
guidelines on quality control methods for medicinal plants and guidelines on predicting
dietary intake of pesticide residues.
Heavy metals
Recommended lead and cadmium levels are not more than 10 and 0.3 mg/kg,
respectively, in the final dosage form.
Radioactive residues
For analysis of strontium90, iodine131, caesium134, caesium137, and plutonium239,
see WHO guidelines on quality control methods for medicinal plants.
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Definition, Testing and Application of Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera Gel
Other Tests
Chemical test for Aloe Vera Gel and tests fro total ash, acidinsoluble ash, alcohol
soluble residue, foreign organic matter, and watersoluble extracts to be established in
accordance with the national requirements.
Chemical assays
Carbohydrates (0.3%), water (98.5%). Polysaccharide composition analysis by gasliquid
chromatography.
Major chemical constituents
Aloe Vera Gel consists primarily of water and polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses,
glucomannan, acemannan, and mannose derivatives). It also contains amino acids, lipids,
sterols (lupeol, campesterol, and βsitosterol0, tannins, and enzymes.
Mannose 6phosphate is a major sugar component.
Dosage forms
The clear mucilaginous gel. At present no commercial preparation has been proved to be
stable. Because many of the active ingredients in the gel appear to deteriorate on stage,
the use of fresh gel is recommended. Preparation of fresh gel: harvest leaves and wash
them with water and a mild chlorine solution. Remove the outer layers of the leaf
including the pericyclic cells, leaving a “fillet” of gel. Care should be taken not to tear
the green rind, which can contaminate the fillet with leaf exudates. The gel may be
stabilized by pasteurization at 7580˚C for less than 3 minutes. Higher temperatures held
for longer times may alter the chemical composition of the gel.
Medical uses
Uses described in pharmacopoeias and in traditional systems of medicine.
Aloe Vera Gel is widely used for the external treatment of minor wounds and
inflammatory skin disorders. The gel is used in the treatment of minor skin irritations,
including burns, bruises, and abrasions. The gel is further used in the cosmetics industry
as a hydrating ingredient in liquids, creams, sun lotions, shaving creams, lip balms,
healing ointments, and face packs.
Aloe Vera Gel has been traditionally used as a natural remedy for burns. Aloe Vera Gel
has been claimed to be effectively used in the treatment of first and seconddegree
thermal burns and radiation burns. Both thermal and radiation burns healed faster with
less necrosis when treated with preparations containing Aloe Vera Gel. In most cases the
gel must be freshly prepared because of its sensitivity to enzymatic, oxidative, or
microbial degradation. Aloe Vera Gel is not approved as an internal medication, and
internal administration of the gel has not been shown to exert any consistent therapeutic
effect.
Uses described in folk medicine, not supported by experimental or
clinical data. The treatment of acne, hemorrhoids, psoriasis, anemia, glaucoma, petit
ulcer, tuberculosis, blindness, seborrhoeic dermatitis, and fungal infections.
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Definition, Testing and Application of Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera Gel
Pharmacology
Wound healing
Clinical investigations suggest that Aloe Vera Gel preparations accelerate wound healing.
In vivo studies have demonstrated that Aloe Vera Gel promotes wound healing by directly
stimulating the activity of macrophages and fibroblasts. Fibroblast activation by Aloe
Vera Gel has been reported to increase both collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, thereby
promoting tissue repair. Some of the active principles appear to be polysaccharides
composed of several mosaccharides, predominantly mannose. It has been suggested that
mannose 6phosphate, the principal sugar component of Aloe Vera Gel, may be partly
responsible for the wound factor receptors on the surface of the fibroblasts and thereby
enhance their activity.
Furthermore, acemannan, a complex carbohydrate isolated from Aloe leaves, has
been shown to accelerate wound healing and reduce radiationinduced skin reactions.
The mechanism of action of acemannan appears to be twofold. First, acemannan is a
potent macrophageactivating agent and therefore may stimulate the release of fibrogenic
cytokines. Second, growth factors may directly bind to acemannan, promoting their
stability and prolonging their stimulation of granulation tissue.
The therapeutic effects of Aloe Vera Gel also include prevention of progressive
dermal ischaemia caused by burns, frostbite, electrical injury and intraarterial drug
abuse. In vivo, analysis of the injuries demonstrates that Aloe Vera Gel acts as an
inhibitor of thromboxane A2, a mediator of progressive tissue damage. Several other
mechanisms have been proposed to explain the activity of Aloe Vera Gel, including
stimulation of the complement linked to polysaccharides, as well as the hydrating,
insulating, and protective properties of the gel.
Because many of the active ingredients appear to deteriorate on storage, the use of
fresh gel is recommended. Studies of the growth of normal human cells in vitro
demonstrated that cell growth and attachment were promoted by exposure to fresh Aloe
Vera leaves, whereas a stabilized Aloe Vera Gel preparation was shown to be cytotoxic to
both normal and tumour cells. The cytotoxic effects of the stabilized gel were thought to
be due the addition of other substances to the gel during processing.
Antiinflammatory
The antiinflammatory activity of Aloe Vera Gel has been revealed by a number of in
vitro and in vivo studies (See studies section). Fresh Aloe Vera Gel significantly reduced
acute inflammation in rats (carrageenininduced paw oedema), although no effect on
chronic inflammation was observed. Aloe Vera Gel appears to exert its anti
inflammatory activity through bradykinase activity and thromboxane B2 and
prostaglandin F2 inhibition. Furthermore, three plant sterols in Aloe Vera Gel reduced
inflammation by up to 37% in croton oilinduced oedema in mice. Lupeol, one of the
sterol compounds found in Aloe Vera, was the most active and reduced inflammation in a
dosedependent manner. These data suggest that specific plant sterols may also
contribute to the antiinflammatory activity of Aloe Vera Gel.
Burn treatment
Aloe Vera Gel has been used for the treatment of radiation burns. Healing of radiation
ulcers was reported in one study in patients treated with Aloe Vera cream, although the
fresh gel was more effective than the cream. Complete healing was reported in another
study, after treatment with fresh Aloe Vera Gel, in patients with radiation burns. Twenty
seven patients with partialthickness burns were treated with Aloe Vera Gel in another
placebocontrolled study. The Aloe Vera Geltreated lesions healed faster than the burns
treated with petroleum jelly gauze (18.2 days), a difference that is statistically significant
(ttest, P<0.002).
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Definition, Testing and Application of Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera Gel
Contraindications
Aloe Vera Gel is contraindicated is cases of known allergy to plants in the Liliaceae’s
family.
Precautions
No information available concerning general precautions, or precautions dealing with
carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility; drug and laboratory test interactions;
drug interactions; nursing mothers; paediatric use; or teratogenic on nonteratogenic
effects on pregnancy.
Adverse reactions
There have been very few reports of contact dermatitis and burning skin sensations
following topical applications of Aloe Vera Gel to dermabraded skin.
Posology
Fresh gel or preparations containing 1070% fresh gel.
References
1. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants.
2. Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Paris, Lavoisier, 1995.
3. Grindlay D, Reynolds T. The Aloe Vera phenomenon: a review of the properties and modern uses
of the leaf parenchyma gel. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 1986, 16:17151.
4. Newton LE. In defense of the name Aloe Vera. The cactus and succulent journal of Great Britain,
1979, 41:2930.
5. Tucker AO, Duke JA, Foster S. Botanical nomenclature of medicinal plants. In: Cracker LE,
Simon JE, eds. Herbs, spices and medicinal plants, Vol. 4. Phoenix, AR, Oryx Press, 1989:169
242.
6. Hänsel R et al., eds. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vol. 6, 5 th ed. Berlin,
Springer, 1994.
7. Youngken HW. Textbook of pharmacognosy, 6 th ed. Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1950.
8. Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. Geneva, Word Health Organization, 1998.
9. Deutsches Arzneibuch 1996. Vol. 2. Methoden der Biologie. Stuttgart, Deutscher Apotheker
Verlag, 1996.
10. European pharmacopoeia, 3 rd ed. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 1997.
11. Rowe TD, Park LM. Phytochemical study of Aloe Vera leaf.
Journal of the American
Pharmaceutical Association, 1941, 30:262266.
12. Guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues, end rev. ed. Geneva, World Health
organization, 1997 (unpublished document WHO/FSF/FOS/97.7; available from Food Safety,
WHO, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).
13. Pierce RF. Comparison between the nutritional contents of the aloe gel from conventional and
hydroponically grown plants. Erde international, 1983, 1:3738.
14. Hart LA et al. An anticomplementary polysaccharide with immunogical adjuvant activity from the
leaf of Aloe Vera. Planta medica, 1989, 55:509511.
15. Davis RH et al. Antiinflammatory and wound healing of growth substance in Aloe Vera. Journal
of the American Pediatric Medical Association, 1994, 84:7781.
16. Davis RH et al. Aloe Vera, hydrocortisone, and sterol influence on wound tensile strength and
antiinflammation. Journal of the American Pediatric Medical Association, 1994, 84:614621.
17. Heggers JP, Pelley RP, Robson MC. Beneficial effects of Aloe in wound healing Phytotherapy
research, 1993, 7:S48S52.
18. McCauley R. Frostbitemethods to minimize tissue loss. Postgraduate medicine 1990, 88:6770.
19. Shelton RM. Aloe Vera, its chemical and therapeutic properties. International journal of
dermatology, 1991, 30:679683.
20. Haller JS. A drug for all seasons, medical and pharmacological history of aloe. Bulletin of New
York Academy of Medicine, 1990, 66:647659.
21. Tizard AU et al. Effects of acemannan, a complex carbohydrate, on wound healing in young and
aged rats. Wounds, a compendium of clinical research and practice, 1995, 6:201209.
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Definition, Testing and Application of Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera Gel
22. Roberts DB, Travis EL. Acemannancontaining wound dressing gels reduce radiationinduced
skin reactions in C3Hmice. International journal of radiation oncology, biology and physiology,
1995, 15:10471052.
23. Karaca K, Sharman JM, Norgren R. Nitric oxide production by chicken macrophages activated by
acemannan, a complex carbohydrate extracted from Aloe Vera.
International journal of
immunopharmacology, 1995, 17:183188.
24. Winters WD, Benavides R, Clouse WJ. Effects of aloe extracts on human normal and tumor cells
in vitro. Economic botany, 1981, 35:8995.
25. Fujita K, Teradaira R. Bradykininase activity of aloe extract. Biochemical pharmacology, 1976,
25: 205.
26. Udupa SI, Udupa AL, Kulkarni DR. Antiinflammatory and wound healing properties of Aloe
vera. Fitoterapia, 1994, 65:141145.
27. Robson MC, Heggers J, Hagstrom WJ. Myth, magic, witchcraft or fact? Aloe Vera revisited.
Journal of burn care and rehabilitation, 1982, 3:157162.
28. Collin C. Roentgen dermatitis treated with fresh whole leaf of Aloe vera. American journal of
roentgen, 1935, 33:396397.
29. Wright CS. Aloe Vera in the treatment of roentgen ulcers and telangiectasis. Journal of the
American Medical Association, 1936, 106:13631364.
30. Rattner H. Roentgen ray dermatitis with ulcers. Archives of dermatology and syphilogy, 1936,
33:593594.
31. Loveman AB. Leaf of Aloe vera in treatment of roentgen ray ulcers. Archives of dermatology and
syphilogy, 1937, 36:838843.
32. Visuthikosol V et al. Effect of Aloe vera gel on healing of burn wounds: a clinical and histological
study. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 1995, 78:403409.
33. Hormann HP, Korting HC. Evidence for the efficacy and safety of topical herbal drugs in
dermatology: Part 1: Antiinflammatory agents. Phytomedicine, 1994, 1:161171.
34. Hunter D, Frumkin A. Adverse reactions to vitamin E and Aloe vera preparations after
dermabrasion and chemical peel. Cutis, 1991, 47:193194.
35. Horgan DJ. Widespread dermatitis after topical treatment of chronic leg ulcers and stasis
dermatitis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1988,138:336338.
36. Morrow DM, Rappaport MJ, Strick RA. Hypersensitivity to aloe. Archives of dermatology, 1980,
116:10641065.
This information is provided so that current & prospective buyers will have complete knowledge
about the historical and documented uses of Nature*4*Science Nutraceutical ingredients. N4S
does not recommend any of its Nutraceutical ingredients for any particular use. Each buyer must
determine, with regulatory and legal advice, the kinds of products and product claims that are
suitable and appropriate for their respective markets and customers. N4S does not provide this
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