DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION (I)

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: CONCEPTS A NDAND PRACTICEV. DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRA(I) Graduate School of Asia and Pacific StudiesUniversity of Waseda, Tokyo-JAPAN2008CONTENTS1.UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT1)DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES2)DEVELOPMENT THEORIES3)A RENEWED MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT2.DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS3.DEVELOPMENT A DMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION1)THE OBJECTIVE OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION2)MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION3)THE RISE AND FALL OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION4)REVIVAL OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATIONGSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 2UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTMORE THAN 75 PERCENT OF THE HUMAN RACE LIVE IN THE D EVELOPINGDEVELOPING COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES ABOUT. 3 535 PERCENTPERCENT LIVE IN TWO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CHINA AND INDIA. BY THE END OF WORLD WAR II, FEWER THAN FIFTY COUNTRIES HAD CLAIMED INDEPENDENCE. THE REST OF THE WORLDWORLD WAS R ULEDRULED BY COLONIAL STATES WHO ENDEAVOURED TO PROLONG AN OUTMODED IMPERIALIST ORDER. GSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 3THE COLONIZED OFTEN HAD TO WAGE A BRUTAL STRUGGLE TO GAIN THEIR FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE. THE BRITISHBRITISH AND T HETHE FRENCH REGIMES WERE CENTRAL PILLARS OF THE COLONIAL SYSTEM OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, BUT NOT THE ONLY ONES, THERETHERE WERE OTHERS SUCH AS THE PORTUGUESE AND THE DUTCH IN CASE OF INDONESIA. TODAY, , MORE THAN 180 COUNTRIES CLAIM INDEPENDENCE AND MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS. GSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 4THE DEMISE OF COLONIALISM INSTIGATED THE GREATEST STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTS OF GOVERNMENTS IN MODERN HISTORY. ONE AFTER ANOTHER, AS NATIONS DECLARED THEMSELVES FREE OF IMPERIAL HEGEMONY, THEY ALSO PROCLAIMED VARIOUSVARIOUS PLANS FORFOR COMPREHENSIVE SOCIETAL CHANGE, EVEN WHEN THEIR LEADERS WERE UNCERTAIN OF THE TYPE OF POLITICAL, ECONOMICECONOMIC, AND ORGANIZATIONALORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES THEY WERE FORGING FOR THEIR SOCIETIES. GSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 5INDEPENDENCE REQUIRED SUBSTANTIVE ADJUSTMENTSADJUSTMENTS IN ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE. IN A SPIRAL, RISING EXPECTATIONS FED ESCALATING DEMANDS BY CITIZENS FOR IMPROVED STANDARDSSTANDARDS OF LIVING. THESE DEMANDS COULD NOT BE MET WITHOUT CONSIDERABLE INVESTMENTS IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. THE STATE WAS THE VEHICLE OF CHOICE FOR INITIATING AND COORDINATING ALL ELEMENTS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLANS. THESE PLANS WERE MOSTLY CONCEIVED AS BLUEPRINTS TO GUIDE ACTIVITIES AND M AINTAINMAINTAIN FOCUSFOCUS AS THE STATESTATE IMPLEMENTED DEVELOPMENTAL POLICIES.GSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 6THERE I SIS NONO C ONSENSUSCONSENSUS ABOUT THE MEANINGMEANING OF DEVELOPMENT. IT IS A CONTESTED CONCEPT AND THERE HAVE BEEN A NUMBER OF DEBATES TO CAPTURE ITS MEANING. UNTIL THE END OF THE 1960s THE MODERNIZATION PERSPECTIVE ON DEVELOPMENT HELD SWAY. DEVELOPMENT WAS SEEN AS AN EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS IN WHICH COUNTRIES PROGRESSED THROUGH AN IDENTIFIED SERIES OF STAGES TO BECOME MODERN. THE FUTURE FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WAS ALREADY IN EXISTENCE AND COULD BE SEEN IN THE FORM OF THE A DVANCEDADVANCED W ESTERNWESTERN SOCIETIES , MOSTMOST ESPECIALLYESPECIALLY THE USA (FOR EXAMPLE, MOORE, 1963). GSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 7THE BROAD DEVELOPMENTAL INITIATIVES OF THE 1950s AND 1960s THAT DOMINATED INTELLECTUAL DEBATES AND INFLUENCED APPLIED PUBLICPUBLIC POLICIESPOLICIES WEREWERE O FTENOFTEN REFERRED TO AS NATION BUILDING OR MERELY MODERNIZATION POLICIES. THE CONCEPTS OF MODERNIZATION AND NATION BUILDING HAVE BEEN EQUATED WITH THE APPLICATION OF RATIONAL CONTROL O VEROVER PEOPLE'PEOPLE S PHYSICALPHYSICAL ANDAND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS (PYE 1962; BLACK 1967; MYRDAL 1968). TO ACHIEVE SUCH CONTROL, THE EFFECTIVE EMPLOYMENT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE WAS CONSIDERED ESSENTIAL. GSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 8THESE PERSPECTIVES ARE PREMISED ON: 1) ACCEPTANCE OFOF THE NATION STATE-AS THE PRIME UNIT OF THE POLITY, 2) COMMITMENT TO ECONOMIC GROWTH AND JUSTICE IN PUBLIC AFFAIRSAFFAIRS, AND 3) RECOGNITION THAT IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIETAL CHANGE IS MOST EFFECTIVE WHEN ADMINISTERED BY INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE THE CAPACITY TO LEARN FROM AND ADAPT TO ADVANCEMENTS IN HUMAN KNOWLEDGE.GSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 9THIS IDEOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT WAS AT ONCE OPTIMISTIC AND ETHNOCENTRIC. IT WAS OPTIMISTIC IN ASSUMING THAT ‘PROBLEMS' OF UNDER-DEVELOPMENT SUCH AS POVERTY, INADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES AND LOW LEVELS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION WERE AMENABLE TO STRAIGHT FORWARD SOLUTION BY THE APPLICATION OF RATIONAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. IT WAS ETHNOCENTRIC IN THAT MODERNITY WAS PERCEIVED AS BEING WESTERN AND THAT WESTERN TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS, MODES OF PRODUCTION AND VALUES WERE BOTH OSUPERI R AND DESIRABLE.THE APPROACH WAS ALSO HEAVILY ORIENTED TO ECONOMC GROWTH AS THE DRIVING FORCE. CHANGES IN SOIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS WOULD SIMULTANEOUSLY CONTRIBUTE TO ECONOMIC GROWTH AND BE INEVITABLE COMPANIONS TO AND OUTCOMES OF SUCH GROWTH.GSAPS-2008www.ginandjar.com 10