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Diet and Prostate Cancer

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This fact sheet is for men who want to know more about how to improve their diet. It describes a healthy diet that may benefit men who want to help prevent prostate cancer or who have already been diagnosed. The fact sheet discusses the various food types and why they are important. It does not recommend a fixed diet but instead suggests how to make sensible changes to ensure you are eating healthily. This fact sheet does not cover eating problems caused by prostate cancer or its treatment.
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Diet and
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prostate cancer
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This fact sheet is for men who want to know more about how to improve their diet. It
describes a healthy diet that may benefit men who want to help prevent prostate cancer
or who have already been diagnosed. The fact sheet discusses the various food types
i
f
e
s
t
y
l
e l
and why they are important. It does not recommend a fixed diet but instead suggests
how to make sensible changes to ensure you are eating healthily. This fact sheet does
not cover eating problems caused by prostate cancer or its treatment. For information
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on this, ask your doctor to refer you to a State Registered Dietitian or call our free and
confidential Helpline on 0800 074 8383.
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Why should I improve my diet?
to eat more Western foods. Over the last 50
There are several factors that can increase
years, the British diet has included less fruit
your risk of getting prostate cancer. These
and vegetables and more saturated fats and
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include increasing age, an African Caribbean
meat products. This change may increase
background, a family history of prostate
the risk of men developing prostate cancer
cancer and diet. You cannot alter most of
over many years.
these risk factors; however one thing you
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can control is your diet. By improving your
Prevention of prostate cancer
diet, you can take control over your own
The exact link between diet and prostate
health and actively do something to improve
cancer is unclear. One of the reasons for
it. This wil also have other health benefits
this is because our diet is made up of so
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such as reducing your risk of heart disease
many different foods. Scientists have not yet
and diabetes. Research is emerging which
identified all of the nutrients that are involved
suggests that some foods not only help to
in protecting the body from cancer and those
prevent prostate cancer, but may also slow
which may cause the disease.
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down the growth of prostate cancer in men
Several studies have shown that eating
who already have the disease or reduce
certain foods may reduce your risk of
the chance of prostate cancer returning
developing prostate cancer, reduce the
after treatment.
likelihood of prostate cancer coming
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back after treatment, or help slow down
The Western diet
progression of the disease. More research
Westerners have higher rates of prostate
is needed to support these findings before
cancer than people living in Far Eastern
we can say for sure whether certain foods
countries such as China and Japan.
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can benefit men worried about, or diagnosed
However, prostate cancer rates have
with, prostate cancer. We also do not know
increased in men who have migrated from
whether changing your diet later on in life can
Japan to the USA. Researchers think that this
prevent prostate cancer.
may be due to the Western diet. This view is
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supported by the fact that cancer rates have
been increasing in Eastern countries since
more people have begun
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However, by improving your diet your overall
For a healthy diet:
health wil benefit and you wil reduce your risk
• Base your meals on starchy foods like
of developing health problems such as heart
potatoes, rice and pasta. Try wholegrain
disease and diabetes and may protect against
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options such as wholemeal bread,
other cancers.
wholewheat pasta and wholegrain breakfast
How can I make changes to my diet?
cereals. These are high in fibre and also
help you to feel full for longer.
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Finding reliable information on healthy eating
• Eat at least five portions of fruit and
can be an overwhelming and confusing task.
vegetables each day.
This fact sheet suggests ways of making
• Include some protein, like fish, skinless
changes to your diet, which may reduce your
chicken and pulses.
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risk of prostate cancer and improve your
overall health. You may find it easier to stick to
• Eat a low-fat diet.
your new diet if you introduce small changes
• Cut down on sugar. The healthy daily limit
gradually and set yourself goals.
is 70 grams or 17 teaspoons. This includes
sugar hidden in soft drinks and processed
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You must feel happy with your new diet.
foods such as cakes and biscuits.
Eating meals with family and friends is an
• Cut down on salt. Eat less than one and
important part of every day life and changes
a quarter teaspoons each day and look
to your diet should not reduce the pleasure of
out for hidden salt in processed foods. Try
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these social events.
using herbs and spices to add flavour when
Try to cut down on unhealthy foods but do
cooking.
not totally exclude whole groups of food
• Drink six to eight glasses of water each day.
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from your diet. All food groups play a part in
Avoid sugary or fizzy drinks.
making sure you have a balanced diet. Cutting
out one food group completely can make it
You should be able to get all the nutrients
difficult to get the right balance of nutrients
you need by eating a balanced diet rather
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that you need. In general, a diet that is good
than taking supplements. Supplements may
for your heart is also good for your prostate.
not contain all the beneficial nutrients that
Ask your doctor to refer you to a Registered
are found naturally in food and we do not
Dietitian if you are making big changes to
fully understand the possible harm of taking
supplements. Your doctor may recommend
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your diet or if you have any other medical
conditions that could be affected by your diet.
supplements in particular cases. For example
they may advise you to take calcium
What is a healthy diet?
supplements if you are on hormone therapy
and you are not getting enough calcium from
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The picture below shows the five main food
your diet.
groups and the proportions that you should
aim to include in your diet.
A healthy weight
We do not yet fully understand how obesity
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The five main food groups
affects the risk of prostate cancer but it may
be linked to an increased risk of aggressive
or advanced disease. If you have been
Fruit and vegetables
Bread, other cereals
and potatoes
diagnosed with prostate cancer, being
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a healthy weight may also improve the
likelihood of your treatment being successful.
Keeping to a healthy weight can reduce your
risk of other health problems such as diabetes
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and heart disease.
You can measure your Body Mass Index (BMI)
Meat, fish
using the chart on page 3. Mark your weight
and alternatives
Milk and dairy foods
in stone or kilograms and draw a line from top
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Foods containing fat
or sugar
to bottom. Then mark your height in feet or
2
metres and draw a line from left to right.

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The point where your two lines cross will
Which foods may affect my risk of
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fall in one of the shaded areas, showing
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whether or not you are at a healthy weight for
prostate cancer?
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your height.
Fruit and vegetables
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Eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a
day reduces your risk of heart disease and
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The Body Mass Index
other medical problems, including cancer.
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This includes fruit and vegetables that are
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Weight in kilograms
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40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
fresh, frozen, tinned, dried or juices. One
6‘6
1.98
portion is roughly the size of the palm of
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f
6‘5
1.96
e
6‘4
1.94
your hand or 80 grams in weight. Scientists
1.92
s
6‘3
1.90
t
6‘2
1.88
have not yet identified all of the nutrients
y
6‘1
1.86
l
1.84
e l
6‘
1.82
which are involved in protecting the body
5‘11
UNDER-
OK
OVER-
FAT
VERY FAT
1.80
5‘10
WEIGHT
WEIGHT
1.78
against disease so try to eat fresh fruit and
1.76
i
5‘9
f
1.74
5‘8
e
1.72
vegetables rather than taking supplements
5‘7
1.70
s
5‘6
1.68
t
1.66
Height in metres
or food extracts, which may not contain all of
y
5‘5
1.64
l
Height in feet & inches 5‘4
1.62
1.60
the beneficial nutrients.
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5‘3
5‘2
1.58
1.56
5‘1
1.54
i
f
5‘
1.52
e
4‘11
1.50
A rainbow of colours
s
4‘10
1.48
t
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Different fruit and vegetables contain different
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Weight in stones
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vitamins and minerals. Eating a wide range of
e l
coloured fruit and vegetables is a good way
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Use this chart together with your waist
of increasing your intake of these vitamins
e
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measurement. If your waist measures more
and minerals. Try to include all of the different
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than 102 centimetres (40 inches) you have a
colours in your weekly diet.
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higher risk of health problems.
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Red
Tomatoes, raspberries, watermelon,
s
Fol owing a low fat diet and getting regular
t
kidney beans, strawberries, red
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exercise wil help you to lose weight gradual y
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and healthily. Eat regular meals and remember
onions, radishes, red peppers
i
to include five portions of fruit and vegetables
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Purple Aubergines, grapes, aduki beans,
s
each day. There is help available if you need
t
blueberries, red cabbage, plums
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it. You can ask your doctor to refer you to a
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dietitian or contact one of the organisations
listed at the end of this fact sheet.
Orange Carrots, oranges, mangoes,
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apricots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin,
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orange peppers, butternut squash
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An active lifestyle
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Try to include 30 minutes of exercise as part
of your daily routine. All exercise protects
Yellow Pineapples, sweetcorn, peaches,
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chicory, bananas, yellow peppers
e
against some cancers and other diseases.
s
t
Recent research suggests that a high level of
y
Green Spinach, broccoli, avocados, peas,
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physical activity may help to reduce your risk
of aggressive prostate cancer.
pears, kiwi fruit, lettuce, green
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peppers, courgettes, marrows,
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If you are taking LHRH agonists, a type
fresh herbs, watercress
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of hormone therapy to treat prostate
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cancer, side effects can include putting on
Cruciferous vegetables
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weight and bone thinning (osteoporosis).
e
These vegetables belong to the cabbage
s
Regular exercise may help to keep you
t
family. They contain a chemical (called
y
strong and prevent falls which could lead
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sulforaphane) which helps the body repair
to bone fractures. Exercise can also help
any damage done by cancer-causing
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f
you to maintain a healthy weight. For more
e
substances. Examples include broccoli,
s
information you can read our Tool Kit fact
t
cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok
y
sheet called Hormone therapy.
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choy and kale. Eating at least five portions
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of these vegetables each week may reduce
your risk of getting prostate cancer.
3

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If you have prostate cancer, cruciferous
you from getting prostate cancer. But we will
vegetables will not reduce your risk of the
have more answers when the study finishes
cancer spreading. However, they are still
in 2013.
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important for your overall health and may
reduce your risk of heart disease.
Good sources of vitamin E include:
Antioxidants
• sunflower seeds
The body protects itself from outside
• hazelnuts and peanuts
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invaders, like bacteria, by producing
• dark green leafy vegetables
molecules called free radicals. If these free
• vegetable oils
radicals get out of control, they can damage
• some breakfast cereals.
normal cells and tissues. They appear to
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be involved in various stages of the cancer
It is better to get vitamin E from these natural
process. Antioxidants mop up excess free
sources rather than from supplements.
radicals and therefore reduce the risk of
If you choose to take supplements,
cancer developing.
taking more than 400 IU per day is not
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recommended as it may increase your risk
Sources of antioxidants that are thought
of health problems. If you have diabetes
to protect against prostate cancer include
or heart disease you should avoid taking
vitamins and minerals such as selenium
vitamin E supplements because they can
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and vitamin E, compounds such as
increase the risk of heart failure.
lycopene and foods such as pomegranate
juice and green tea. A good way to include
Lycopene
antioxidants in your diet is to eat plenty of
The best known source of lycopene is
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fruit and vegetables.
tomatoes but it is also found in watermelons,
pink grapefruits, guava and papaya. You may
Selenium
need to avoid grapefruit if you are taking
One study has shown that men taking 200
drugs called statins to lower your cholesterol
micrograms of selenium each day were less
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or drugs to treat erectile dysfunction. Ask
likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer
your doctor or chemist for advice.
than men who did not take selenium. This
link is now being studied in a large trial
Lycopene supplements do not give the
involving 32,000 men. The results of this
same protection against prostate cancer
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trial, known as the SELECT study (Selenium
as lycopene-rich foods because the other
and vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial), are
nutrients in the food work together with the
due in 2013. However, results so far suggest
lycopene to protect the body.
that selenium does not reduce your risk of
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prostate cancer. We need to wait until the
Processed and cooked tomatoes, for
end of the study for the full results.
example tomato sauces, soups and pastes,
appear to be a better source of lycopene
Selenium is found in: nuts such as Brazil
than fresh tomatoes. Men who eat two
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nuts; seeds such as pumpkin, sunflower
servings or more of tomato sauce each week
and sesame seeds; bread; cereals; fish and
may reduce their risk of being diagnosed
chicken. However, falling levels of selenium
with prostate cancer by one third. We do not
in British soils has lead to a decrease in the
yet fully understand why tomato products
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selenium content of the food we grow.
such as tomato sauce are better than fresh
tomatoes but it may be due to the cooking
Vitamin E
process releasing the lycopene and making it
There is disagreement about the role of
more easily available to the body.
vitamin E in the prevention of prostate
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cancer. Some studies have shown a link
Lycopene may also slow down the spread
between taking vitamin E supplements and
of prostate cancer in men who have already
a reduced risk of prostate cancer, whereas
been diagnosed with the disease by
other studies have found no link. The findings
increasing the rate at which cancer cells die.
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of the SELECT study described earlier have
so far shown that vitamin E does not protect
4

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Green tea
You can get calcium from a wide variety of
i
Green tea contains powerful antioxidants,
both dairy and non-dairy foods.
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called polyphenols. Drinking green tea may
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t
If you are on hormone therapy, it is important
y
protect against the development and growth
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of prostate cancer. However you may need to
that you get enough calcium and vitamin
drink around six cups a day for the beneficial
D to prevent bone thinning (osteoporosis).
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ingredients to have a significant protective
Between 1000mg and 1500mg of calcium
s
t
effect. This may sound like a lot but, if you
each day and between 400 to 800IU of
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want to include green tea in your diet, you
vitamin D may help to keep your bones
may find it easier to drink it in place of your
strong. If you are concerned about this,
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usual hot drinks throughout the day.
you may like to speak to your doctor about
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suitable doses of supplements.
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Calcium and dairy products
You should be able to get all of the calcium
Protein
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f
Your body needs protein to help it to grow
e
you need from your everyday diet. If you
s
and repair. The recommended amount of
t
choose to take supplements, stay within the
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recommended daily limit of 700mg a day.
protein needed for a man under the age of
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Studies have shown that men who consume
50 years is 56 grams a day and 53 grams
i
f
for a man over the age of 50. A recent study
e
a high level (more than 2000mg a day) of
s
calcium from dairy products are at greater
showed that eating large amounts of protein
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y
from dairy products, such as cheese, may
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risk of getting prostate cancer. The table
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below gives examples of foods that are good
increase the risk of prostate cancer. Try
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sources of calcium.
choosing non-dairy sources of protein such
e
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as fish, nuts, beans and lentils.
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Dairy sources of calcium
Amount of
Meat
i
calcium
Processed meat such as ham, bacon and
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sausages may increase your risk of prostate
t
Semi-skimmed milk (200ml
250mg
y
cancer. These meats often contain high
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portion)
levels of salt and nitrates which researchers
i
think may be a factor in cancer risk. Try to
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Cheddar cheese (40g portion) 300mg
cut down on this type of meat and if possible
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choose lean meat instead.
Plain low fat yoghurt (150g
245mg
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portion)
Some research also suggests that meat
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cooked at very high temperatures can
s
Choose low-fat versions of
t
increase your risk of prostate cancer.
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these foods where possible.
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Scientists think that when meat is burnt or
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Non-dairy alternatives, such
charred it may produce chemicals, called free
as soya milk, are widely
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radicals, which can damage normal cells.
available in supermarkets
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and health food shops.
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Fat
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When you eat fat your body breaks it down
Non-dairy sources of
Amount of
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f
into smaller parts, uses what it needs and
e
calcium
calcium
s
stores any remaining fat for future use. You
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Tinned sardines (100g
500mg
need some fat for your body to function
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portion)
properly so you should aim for a low fat diet
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f
rather than a fat free diet. Too much fat in
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Kale (95g portion)
145mg
your diet can increase your risk of health
t
y
problems such as heart disease. Think
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Broccoli (85g portion)
35mg
about the type of fats that you eat and try to
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replace saturated fats with foods that are rich
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Kidney beans (60g portion)
45mg
s
in unsaturated fats. High levels of unhealthy
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saturated fat are found in food such as
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Tofu (100g portion)
275mg
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cakes, butter and meat products.


5

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Foods that are high in healthier unsaturated
such as tofu, miso and tempeh rather than
fat include nuts, oily fish, vegetable oil and
processed products, such as burgers, which
olive oil.
may be high in fat.
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We cannot say for certain whether reducing
Pulses and whole grain foods
your overall fat intake can lower your risk of
A few studies have shown that eating more
prostate cancer. Some studies have shown a
pulses such as beans, peas and lentils
link between fats found in red meat and dairy
may help to prevent prostate cancer.
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products and an increased risk of advanced
Whole grain foods such as brown bread,
prostate cancer. However, other studies
whole grain cereals and pasta may also
found that eating fat or red meat does not
reduce your risk of getting several cancers,
affect your risk of prostate cancer. Some
including prostate cancer.
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research suggests that fats in oily fish may
lower your risk of prostate cancer and reduce
Storing and cooking food
the chances of cancer becoming advanced.
The way you store and cook your food is an
Fish oil supplements do not appear to have
important part of healthy eating. As soon as
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the same benefit so aim to eat oily fish two or
fruit and vegetables are picked, their vitamin
three times each week.
and mineral content falls. However there
are things you can do to make sure you are
Cut down on fat by:
getting the most from your food.
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• Choosing tomato-based sauces instead of
creamy ones.
Tips for buying and storing food:
• Replacing fatty snacks like crisps and
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biscuits with fruit.
• Buy fresh looking food.
• Avoiding processed meat and eating less
• Look for locally grown food, and food
red meat.
that is in season. Less time will have
• Removing any skin from chicken or turkey.
passed since it was harvested.
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• Using less fat in cooking. Grill, bake or
• Avoid damaged fruit and vegetables as
steam food instead of frying.
these will go mouldy more quickly.
• Choosing low-fat or fat-free milk, cheese
• Store fruit and vegetables in a cool,
and yoghurt or replacing these with dairy-
dark place.
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free alternatives like soya or rice milk.
• Store raw and cooked meats separately.
• Throw mouldy food away. Do not just
Zinc
cut off the mould.
Zinc is good for the immune system and
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is found naturally in red meat, chicken,
seafood, nuts and dairy products. The
When cooking vegetables, steam, bake
recommended safe limit for zinc supplements
or lightly boil them rather than frying or
is 25mg a day. However taking high doses,
roasting. Barbecued meat and fish may
i
f
e
s
t
y
l
e l
or taking supplements for several years, may
contain cancer-causing substances but you
increase your risk of prostate cancer.
can reduce the risk by cooking at a lower
temperature and cutting off any burnt pieces.
Soy
i
f
e
s
t
y
l
e l
The low rates of prostate cancer in Asian
What can I do to reduce my risk of
men may be partly due to their soy-rich
prostate cancer?
diet. However, there is uncertainty about
whether eating soy can reduce the risk of
The table on page 7 summarises the
information in this fact sheet. It suggests
i
f
e
s
t
y
l
e l
prostate cancer and only one large study
has so far shown a protective effect. Many
some foods that you may wish to eat
new soy products are becoming available in
more of or add to your diet. A healthy diet,
most health food shops and supermarkets
together with regular exercise, wil benefit
including soy milk, soy yoghurts, soy nuts
your overal health and reduce your risk of
l
i
f
e
s
t
y
l
e l
and soy bread. If you decide to add soy to
several health problems including cancer,
your diet, try to choose traditional forms
heart disease and diabetes.
6

l
i
f
e
s
t
y
l
e l
What should I eat more of? What does it do?
How do I include it in my diet?
i
f
e
s
Fruit and vegetables
Reduces your risk
Eat at least five portions each day
t
y
l
of cancer and other
Try to include a ‘rainbow of
e l
medical problems
colours’ in your diet
i
f
e
s
Cruciferous vegetables
May reduce your
Eat more cabbage-like vegetables
t
y
risk of getting
such as broccoli, cauliflower,
l
e l
prostate cancer
cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok
i
f
choy and kale
e
s
t
y
Lycopene
May reduce your
Lycopene is found in tomatoes
l
e l
risk of prostate
(particularly cooked and
i
cancer and slow
processed tomatoes), watermelon,
f
e
s
down its spread
pink grapefruit, guava and papaya
t
y
l
e l
Green tea
i
May protect
Try drinking green tea in place
f
e
against development
of any hot drinks you have
s
t
y
and growth of
throughout the day
l
e l
prostate cancer
i
f
e
Oily fish
Fats in oily fish may
Eat fresh, canned or frozen oily
s
t
help prevent prostate
fish two or three times each week
y
l
e l
cancer developing
Examples of oily fish include
and growing
sardines, pilchards, mackerel,
i
f
e
salmon, tuna (fresh or frozen tuna
s
t
only) and shrimp
y
l
e l
Soy
May reduce the risk
Choose traditional forms of soy
i
f
e
of prostate cancer
such as tofu, miso and tempeh,
s
t
available from supermarkets and
y
l
health food shops
e l
i
f
Pulses
May help to prevent
Include more beans, peas and
e
s
prostate cancer
lentils in your diet
t
y
l
e l
Whole grains
May reduce your
Whole grain foods include brown
i
f
risk of several
bread, whole grain cereals, whole
e
s
cancers, including
grain pasta
t
y
prostate cancer
l
e l
i
f
e
s
www.5aday.nhs.uk
t
More information
y
This website from the Department of Health
l
e l
The Prostate Cancer Charity
This fact sheet is part of the Tool Kit. Call our
provides tips on how to include five portions
i
of fruit and vegetables in your daily diet.
f
e
Helpline on 0800 074 8383 or visit our website
s
t
at www.prostate-cancer.org.uk for more
y
British Dietetic Association
l
Tool Kit fact sheets, including an A to Z of
e l
www.bda.uk.com
medical words which explains some of the
5th Floor, Charles House, 148/9 Great Charles
i
f
words and phrases used in this sheet.
e
Street Queensway, Birmingham, B3 3HT
s
t
Telephone: 0121 200 8080
y
l
e
For information on finding a state registered


dietitian and following a healthy diet.
7

The Prostate Cancer Charity makes
British Nutrition Foundation
every effort to make sure that its
www.nutrition.org.uk
services provide up-to-date, unbiased
High Holborn House, 52-54 High Holborn,
and accurate facts about prostate
London WC1V 6RQ
cancer. We hope that these will add to
Telephone: 020 7404 6504
the medical advice you have had and
Information on a healthy diet and how diet may be
will help you to make any decisions you
linked to cancer.
may face. Please do continue to talk
to your doctor if you are worried about
Food Standards Agency
any medical issues.
www.food.gov.uk
Telephone: 020 7276 8829
The Prostate Cancer Charity funds
An independent watchdog to protect the public’s
research into the causes of and
health and consumer interests in relation to food.
treatments for, prostate cancer. We
Also provides information about healthy eating.
also provide support and information
to anyone concerned about prostate
Penny Brohn Cancer Care
cancer. We rely on charitable donations
www.pennybrohncancercare.org
to continue this work. If you would like
Chapel Pill Lane, Pill, Bristol, BS20 0HH
to make a donation, please call us on
National helpline: 0845 123 23 10
020 8222 7666.
Free healthy eating guidelines available from the
website or helpline.
World Cancer Research Fund
www.wcrf-uk.org
19 Harley Street, London, W1G 9QJ
Telephone: 020 7343 4200
Provides information on cancer and diet.
The Prostate Cancer Charity
First Floor, Cambridge House,
References to sources of information used
100 Cambridge Grove, London W6 0LE
in the production of this fact sheet are available
Email: info@prostate-cancer.org.uk
on our website.
Telephone: 020 8222 7622
Reviewed by:
The Prostate Cancer Charity Scotland
• Liz Butler, Senior Nutritional Therapist, Penny
Unit F22-24 Festival Business Centre,
Brohn Cancer Care
150 Brand Street, Glasgow G51 1DH
• Frank Chinegwundoh, Consultant Urological
Email: scotland@prostate-cancer.org.uk
Surgeon, Barts and the London NHS Trust and
Telephone: 0141 314 0050
Newham University Hospital NHS Trust
Website: www.prostate-cancer.org.uk
• Saira Chowdhury, Acting Highly Specialist
Oncology Dietitian, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS
Foundation Trust
• Lianne Coffey, Macmillan Specialist Dietitian,
Queens Hospital, Romford
• Kathryn Parr, Oncology Dietitian, Clatterbridge
Centre for Oncology NHS Foundation Trust
Email: helpline@prostate-cancer.org.uk
• The Prostate Cancer Charity Support & Information
Specialist Nurses
© The Prostate Cancer Charity 2008
• The Prostate Cancer Charity Information Volunteers
Reviewed October 2008
To be reviewed October 2010
Written and Edited by:
The Prostate Cancer Charity Information Team
* Cal s are free of charge from UK landlines. Mobile phone
charges may vary. Cal s may be monitored for training
purposes. Confidentiality is maintained between cal ers
and The Prostate Cancer Charity.
A charity registered in England and Wales(1005541) and
DET/Jul09 in Scotland (SCO39332)

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