DPU-UCL Lecture Dev Env & Pui

DPU, UCL Module DA1 – Session 14 Development, environment and the peri-urban interfaceJulio D DávilaDevelopment Planning UnitUniversity College LondonJ.Dávila, DPU, UCLSome features of the peri-urban interface in metropolitan areas 1A. The PUI is where urban and rural activities meet:• Definition of ‘urban’, ‘rural’, ‘peri-urban’ (or ‘semi-urban’): often vague, shifting, subject to perceptions• Implications of political and administrative definitions and changes in these (e.g. upgrading or degrading of townships; creation or abolition of metropolitan areas): fiscal and human resource; electoral; managerialJ.Dávila, DPU, UCLSome features of the peri-urban interface in metropolitan areas 2B. In environmental terms:• A heterogeneous ‘mosaic’ of ‘natural’, ‘agrarian’ and ‘urban’ eco- systems• Affected by material and energy flows demanded both by rural and urban systems• Close relationship between socio-economic and environmental processesJ.Dávila, DPU, UCLSome features of the peri-urban interface in metropolitan areas 3C. Dynamic and socially & economically heterogeneous• Often subject to rapid change (e.g. land use, population)• Co-existence of groups with different and often competing interests, as well as different practices• Constant change makes it difficult to create stable and legitimate long-term institutional structuresJ.Dávila, DPU, UCLSome features of the peri-urban interface in metropolitan areas 4D. Political and institutional fragmentation or even vacuum• Issues of definition and perception have administrative, fiscal and human resource implications• Roles are often ill-defined or non-existent• Conflict between customary and non-customary land tenure and water rights• Private appropriation of large (and environmentally valuable) spaces without adequate state regulation (gated communities, golf courses, quarries, forests)• All this requires a new conceptual and methodological frameworkJ.Dávila, DPU, UCLRural systems Rural – Urban Flows Urban systemsStructural changes Functions/rolePeopleNon-agricultural Socio-economic employm entUrban servicesstructure and ProductionrelationsProduction suppliesCommoditiesNon-durable and Rural economy durable goods(sectors)Capital/incomeMarkets for selling rural productsRural production Processing / InformationregimesmanufacturingInformation on Natural resourcesemploym ent, production, prices, welfare servicesW aste and pollutionSource: Based on Douglass, M. 1998, ‘A Regional Network Strategy for Reciprocal Rural-Urban Linkages’, Third W orld Planning Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp 1-33.Source: Allen & Dávila (2002)J.Dávila, DPU, UCLProcesses of change in the PUIPressuresProcesses of ProblemsChangeLoss of agricultural land, Local leading to a e.g. land competition Changes in land useloss of livelihoodsfor urban expansion e.g. from agricultural to for poor farmers& agricultural industrial or and shortagesproductionresidential usesin food productionRegional & nationalChanges in the use e.g. promotion of on natural resourcesOpportunitiesdecentralised e.g. deforestation, New sources of industrialisation, water depletion and EmploymentPrivatisation of pollutionLand for low-cost natural resourcesHousingBetter transport linksInternationalChanges in the Improved access to e.g. Falling prices of generation of wasteinfrastructure and export cropssocial facilities e.g. increased solid and liquid wasteSource: Allen & Dávila (2002)J.Dávila, DPU, UCLLessons from international program m es and projects?W ater & S anitation P rogra m m esC F P /C ID A , U P A /F A O , U N C H S /U M P , S C P , L A 21, oU N D P /W ord B an k, W H O ,U N IC E FN R S P /D F ID , C A R E , M E IP , U N D P , IC L E I L A 21 & WhU S A ID , C ID A , C A R E , O X F A MS A V E , U N D P M odel C o m m un itiesnB uilt-up areasR ural V illages an d C ity and bu ilt-up surroundingstioaP oor inform al urban peripheryP eri-U rban fring elisasettle m entstuR ural-urban linksP articular P U prob le m s peP eri-urban fring ecnoCH ealth - E ducationP eri-urban H orticu ltureInfrastructure P U A gricultureU rban E nv ironm enta l seS afety netsP U F orestry P la nnin g and meM icro-creditN atural R esourcesM anage m e nthTSource: Budds & Minaya (1999)J.Dávila, DPU, UCLRural-urban linkages and povertyHow is poverty conceptualised:Poverty is the result of a complex process of social, juridical, spatial, economic, and political exclusionPoverty cannot be reduced to income alone‘The poor’ are not a homogeneous group; neither are the different members of the same householdThis supposes access to a diversity of livelihood assets (social, natural, financial, physical, human) Rural-urban linkages can become important in a survival strategy for the very poorThis will depend on the physical location of different householdmembers (which changes over time), as well as other factors such as gender, migrant status, political affiliation, ethnicity, religionJ.Dávila, DPU, UCLn In the processes described above, different groups will be affected differently from rural-urban linkages n This will depend on the degree of access to factors such as proximity to urban centres, access to land, access to natural resources and participation in political processesn Hence, legal, political, social, spatial, environmental and economic policies and frameworks of intervention will play a crucial role in guaranteeing or blocking access to such factorsJ.Dávila, DPU, UCLDocument Outline

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