EFFECTS OF HOUSEHOLD PROCESSING ON REDUCTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN VEGETABLES

VOL. 3, NO. 4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145
ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science
©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

EFFECTS OF HOUSEHOLD PROCESSING ON REDUCTION OF
PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN VEGETABLES

Beena Kumari
Department of Entomology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
E-mail: beena@hau.ernet.in

ABSTRACT
In a monitoring study residue levels of organochlorines (OC), synthetic pyrethroids (SP), organophosphates (OP)
and carbamates were determined in unprocessed and processed three vegetables viz. brinjal, cauliflower and okra to know
the residue levels and evaluate the effect of different household processes (washing and boiling/cooking) on reduction of
residues. Samples were procured from local market at different interval of time. Residues were estimated by using multi
residue analytical technique employing gas liquid chromatograph (GC), with electron capture detector (ECD) and nitrogen
phosphorous detector (NPD) equipped with capillary columns. In all the three vegetables, washing reduced the residues by
20-77 percent and boiling by 32-100 percent. Maximum (77%) reduction of OP insecticides was observed in brinjal,
followed by 74% in cauliflower and 50% in okra by washing. The same trend was observed by boiling process where
maximum (100%) reduction of OP insecticides was observed in brinjal followed by 92% in cauliflower and 75% in okra.
Boiling was found comparatively more effective than washing in dislodging the residues.

Keywords: vegetables, pesticide, processing, residues, washing, boiling, cooking.

INTRODUCTION
particularly at fruiting stage and non adoption of safe
Vegetables are the fresh and edible portion of the
waiting period leads to accumulation of pesticide residues
herbaceous plants. They are important food and highly
in consumable vegetables. Contamination of vegetables
beneficial for health. They contain valuable food
with pesticide residues has been reported by several
ingredients, which can be successfully utilized to build up
researchers (Madan et al., 1996; Kumari et al., 2002 and
and repair the body. In India, vegetables are major
2003).
constituents of diet as majority of Indians are vegetarian,
The aim of this study was to evaluate the
with a per capita consumption of 135 g per day as against
pesticide residues of four different chemical groups i.e.,
the recommended 300 g per day. It is still very less than
organochlorines (OC), synthetic pyrethroids (SP)
recommended diet level. However, several factors limit
organoposphorous (OP), and carbamates in brinjal,
their productivity, mainly insect pests, and diseases. As
cauliflower and okra and to assess the effect on residues of
several insect pests attack the vegetables, they are
some household processes like washing and
produced under very high input pressure. Among the
boiling/cooking.
vegetables, brinjal, cauliflower and okra are very common

and give better return over investment to the farmers. But
MATERIALS AND METHODS
all the three are badly affected by insect-pest attack.
The composite samples consisted of 1-2kg of
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable
each vegetable i.e. brinjal, cauliflower and okra were
crop grown extensively in India. It suffers heavily at
collected from local market at weekly interval. Each
fruiting stage due to attack of shoot and fruit borer causing
sample was divided in to three parts and were refrigerated
70% damage to the crop making it totally unfit for human
and analysed with in two days of collection. Only edible
consumption ( Misra and Singh, 1996; Duara et al., 2003).
part was processed and analysed for the analysis of
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea), an important vegetable
organochlorine (OC), synthetic pyrethroid (SP),
crop grown in India with an annual production of 3.39
organophosphate (OP) and carbamate group of pesticides.
million tones, is heavily attacked by various insects,
In order to assess the effects of household
resulting in severe loss of quality and production
processing like washing and boiling/cooking, one part of
(Regupathy et al., 1985; Patel et al., 1999). Okra
the sample of each vegetable was washed for one minute
(Abelmoschus esculentus L.) belongs to family malvaceae
under tap water and dried the samples on filter paper. To
is also an important vegetable crop grown extensively in
the other part of each unwashed samples of three
India and for the control of numerous insect pests,
vegetables, 15ml water was added and boiled till softness.
different insecticides have been used (Singh et al., 2004;
Washed and boiled samples were processed in a similar
Sinha and Sharma, 2007). Hence, in order to combat the
manner as of unprocessed samples.
insect pest problem, lot of pesticides is used by the

vegetable growers. For better yield and quality,
Extraction
insecticides are repeatedly applied during the entire period
All the samples were extracted fresh. Each
of growth and sometimes even at the fruiting stage. It
vegetable was chopped into small pieces and after
accounts for 13-14 percent of total pesticides quartering, a representative sample (25g) was macerated
consumption, as against 2.6 percent of cropped area
with 5-10g anhydrous sodium sulphate in Warring blender
(Sardana, 2001). Indiscriminate use of pesticides to make a fine paste. The macerated sample was extracted


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VOL. 3, NO. 4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145
ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science
©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

with 100ml acetone on mechanical shaker for 1 h by using
(carbofuran) only. The study revealed that contamination
the method of Kumari et al. (2001). Extract was filtered,
of all the three vegetables were found contaminated with
concentrated up to 40ml and subjected to liquid-liquid
HCH, DDT and endosulfan among the OC group. ?-HCH
partitioning with ethyl acetate (50, 30, 20 ml) after diluting
was detected in the range of 0.010-0.044 µgg-1 in brinjal,
4-5 times with 10% aqueous NaCl solution. Concentrated
0.034-0.52 µgg-1 in cauliflower and 0.027-0.268 µgg-1 in
the organic phase up to 10ml on rotary evaporator and
okra. Level of contamination was maximum in okra and
divide it into two equal parts. One part was kept for OC
minimum in brinjal whereas ?-DDT concentration was
and SP and second for OP and carbamates.
maximum (0.056-0.178 µgg-1) in brinjal and minimum

(0.018-0.025 µgg-1) in cauliflower. Residues of endosulfan
Clean-up
were detected in the range of 0.042-0.057 µgg-1 in brinjal,
For OC and SP insecticides, clean-up was carried
0.017-0.042 µgg-1 in cauliflower and 0.143-0.409 µgg-1 in
out by using column chromatography. Column (60cm ×
okra showing thereby maximum concentration in okra.
22mm) was packed with, Florisil and activated charcoal
Thus in all the three vegetables, ?-HCH was detected in
(5:1 w/w) in between the two layers of anhydrous sodium
the range of 0.010-0.268, ?-DDT, 0.019-0.178 and ?-
sulphate. Extract was eluted with 125ml mixture of ethyl
endosulfan, 0.029-0.263 µgg-1. Although all the samples
acetate: hexane (3:7 v/v). Eluate was concentrated to 2ml
were found contaminated with OC insecticides but none of
for residue analysis. Residues of OP and carbamates were
the samples contained residues of any of these insecticides
also cleaned by adopting column chromatographic
above maximum residue limits (MRL) fixed by Prevention
technique. Column was packed with silica gel and
of Food Adulteration Act (PFA) 1954 and FAO/WHO
activated charcoal (5:1 w/w) in between the layers of
(1996). As many organohalogen pesticides like BHC and
anhydrous sodium sulphate. Extract was eluted with
DDT have been banned with effect from April 1993, In
125ml mixture of acetone: hexane (3:7 v/v). After
India, but they have remained in the environment where
concentrating the eluate on rotary evaporator, final volume
they continue to be incorporated into plant biomass. In
was made to 2ml for analysis by gas liquid India, practically, DDT has not been phased out
chromatography (GC).
completely because it is still used to control the mosquito

in public health programmes from where it could enter the
Estimation
agricultural soils and water systems and possibly find its
The cleaned extracts were analysed on Hewlett
way into crops. Presence of endosulfan in the present
Packard 5890A GC equipped with capillary columns using
study is due to use of endosulfan in almost every crop in
63Ni electron capture detector (ECD) and nitrogen-
Haryana, India among the OC pesticides after banning of
phosphorous detector (NPD). Operating conditions were
use of DDT and HCH in 1993. Residues of cypermethrin
as per details: For OC and SP insecticides: Detector : ECD
(0.003-0.012 µgg-1), permethrin (ND-0.024 µgg-1), ?-
(63Ni), column: SPB-5 of 5% diphenyl/ 95% dimethyl
cyhalothrin (ND-0.004µgg-1) and ?-cyfluthrin(0.047-0.087
fused silica capillary column (30 m×0.32 mm ID, 0.25 µm
µgg-1) in brinjal, permethrin (0.633-0.725 µgg-1) and
film thickness) with split system.
fenvalerate (0.007-0.017 µgg-1) in cauliflower and only
Temperatures (0C):150 (5 min) ? 8 0min-1 ? 190 (2 min)
cypermethrin (0.010-0.034 µgg-1) in okra were detected
? 15 0min-1 280° (10 min); injection port: 280; detector:
among the SP insecticides. Among OP, chlorpyriphos
300; carrier gas: (N2), flow rate 60 ml min-1, 2 ml through
(0.018-0.031µgg-1) was detected in all the samples of
column and split ratio 1:10. Carrier gas, N2, flow rate 60
brinjal and cauliflower. This major contaminant was
ml min-1, 2 ml through column.
detected in the range of 0.018-0.022 µgg-1 in brinjal and
For OP and carbamates: Detector: NPD, megabore
0.024-0.031 µgg-1 in cauliflower whereas no sample of
column: HP-1 of methyl silicone (10 m×0.53 mm ID, 2.65
okra showed presence of chlorpyriphos residues in
µm film thickness). Temperatures(0C): Oven: 100 (1 min)
detectable amounts. Some other insecticides like
? 100min-1 ? 200 (0 min ) ? 200min-1 ? 2600 (3
monocrotophos, dimethoate, quinalphos and malathion
min);injector port, 250 , detector, 275 , carrier gas N2 18
were also detected in detectable amounts in few samples.
ml min-1, H2, 1.5 ml min-1 and zero air 130 ml min-1.
Only carbofuran, among carbamate insecticides was

detected in the range of 0.009-0.020 µgg-1 in brinjal.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Residues of none of the pesticide exceeded the MRL
The average percent recoveries at the spiking
value. The results obtained from the present study are
levels of 0.5 µgg-1 of each pesticide were in the range of
consistent with an earlier study that show residues of these
80–111, 73–95, 83–125 and 82– 104 for OC, SP, OP and
pesticides are present in different vegetables (Madan et al.,
carbamate insecticides, respectively. The data collected
1996; Kumari et al., 2002 and 2003; Deka et al., 2005).
during this study is presented in Tables 1 and 2. In the

analysed samples, the detected pesticides comprised of OC
Effects of washing and boiling
( HCH isomers [?, ?, ?, ?-HCH], DDT analogues, [,o,p-
Among the household processes, washing process
DDT, p, p’-DDT, p, p’-DDE and p, p’-DDD], ?-
reduced the OC residues by 27-44 percent in brinjal, 34-36
endosulfan, ?-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate), SP percent in cauliflower and 20-38 percent in okra. Whereas
(cypermethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate, ?-cyhalothrin and
the residues of SP insecticides in brinjal, cauliflower and
?-cyfluthrin), OP ( monocrotophos, dimethoate, malathion,
okra were reduced to 26, 29 and 31 percent, respectively.
chlorpyriphos and quinalphos) and among carbamates
Maximum reduction of residues was observed in case of


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VOL. 3, NO. 4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145
ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science
©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

OP where the residues decreased to the extent of 77, 74
Boiling/cooking was observed to be more
and 50 percent, in brinjal, cauliflower and okra,
effective in reducing the residues. By this process,
respectively. Among the carbamate insecticides, reduction of residues of OC insecticides was observed in
carbofuran residues, which was detected in brinjal only,
the range of 39-55 per cent in brinjal, 57-61 percent in
reduced by 21 percent by washing. In the present study,
cauliflower and 32-47 percent in okra. Reduction to an
washing was found effective in dislodging the residues as
extent of 37, 40 and 42 percent of SP insecticides was
it depends on a number of factors like location of residues,
observed in brinjal, cauliflower and okra, respectively.
age of residues, water solubility and temperature and type
Among OP insecticides, reduction was 100 percent in
of washing. In earlier studies also, effects of these factors
brinjal, 92 percent in cauliflower and 75 percent in okra.
were observed in different vegetables by various
Carbofuran residues detected in brinjal only, reduced to
researchers (Sarode et al., 1982; Dikshit et al., 1986;
the level of 50 percent by boiling. Thus, great variation in
Geisman, 1975; Gunther et al., 1963). Farrow et al., 1969;
reduction of residues by boiling was observed which may
Sarode and Lal, 1982; Elkins, 1989 reported 20-89 percent
be attributed to the rates of degradation and volatilization
reduction of DDT in potatoes and tomatoes, fenitrothion in
of residues as the concentration of residues increases by
okra, parathion in cauliflower and malathion in okra by
heat involved in boiling. Hotellier (1982) reported that
washing. In present study, washing was found deltamethrin residues reduced appreciably on cooking.
comparatively less effective in reducing the residues of SP
Reduction of fenvalerate residues to an extent of 27-56
insecticides than that of OC and OP insecticides. Current
percent in brinjal was reported by Sharma and Kumar
results are in consistent with some earlier reports where
(1993). Reduction of alphamethrin in the range of 25-32
reduction (10-30%) of alphamethrin residues in tomato
percent in brinjal and tomatoes and 12-17 percent in
and brinjal and cauliflower by Gill et al., (2001) and Malik
cauliflower was reported by Gill et al., (2001) and Malik
et al., (1999) was found. Reduction of fenvalerate residues
et al., (1999). Holland et al., (1994) reported appreciably
on tomatoes to the level of 62 percent was reported by Jain
reduction in pesticide residues in different commodities by
et al., (1979) and 38 percent by Sances et al., (1992).
using different processing methods. Hence, the present
Rinsing of various vegetable was found very effective
results are in consistent with the earlier results.
(Krol et al., 2000).




































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VOL. 3, NO. 4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145
ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science
©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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Table-1. Pesticide residues* (µg g-1) in Brinjal, Cauliflower and Okra.

Brinjal Cauliflower
Okra
Insecticides
detected
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
2
3
?- HCH
0.007 0.003 0.009 0.002 0.005 0.007
0.003
0.025
0.005
?-HCH
0.003 0.001 0.003 ND ND ND 0.004
0.024
0.003
?-HCH
0.010 0.005 0.025 0.008 0.006 0.031
0.018
0.213
0.024
?-HCH
0.008 0.001 0.007 0.042 0.019 0.007
0.002
0.006
0.006
?-HCH
0.028 0.010 0.044 0.052 0.030 0.045
0.027
0.268
0.038

o,p’-
DDT
0.012 ND 0.001 ND ND ND ND
ND
ND
p,p’-
DDT
0.029 0.160 0.038 0.018 0.019 0.025 ND ND
ND
o,p’-
DDE
ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND
ND
ND
p,p’- DDE
0.008
0.018
0.012
ND
ND
ND
0.041
0.042
0.053
p,p’-
DDD
0.009 ND 0.005 ND ND ND
0.018
ND
ND
?-DDT
0.058 0.178 0.056 0.018 0.019 0.025
0.059
0.042
0.053

?-Endosulphan ND ND 0.007 0.006 0.010
0.017
0.013
0.011
0.009
?-Endosulphan 0.017 0.048 0.027 0.001 0.005 0.008
0.084
0.077
0.078
Endo.
Sulphate 0.025 0.009 0.013 0.022 0.029 0.035
0.312
0.055
0.176
?- Endosulfan
0.042 0.057 0.047 0.029 0.044 0.060
0.409
0.143
0.263

Cypermethrin 0.012 0.003 0.008 ND ND ND
0.034
0.010
0.014
Permethrin 0.022
ND
0.024
0.673
0.725
0.633
ND
ND
ND
Fenvalerate ND
ND
ND
0.007
0.011
0.017
ND
ND
ND
?-Cyhalothrin 0.004 ND 0.002 ND ND ND ND
ND
ND
? -Cyfluthrin
0.087
0.047
0.075
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Monocrotophos
ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.002
0.005
0.008
Dimethoate 0.001 ND 0.002 ND ND ND
0.002
0.002
0.006
Malathion
ND 0.008 0.004 ND ND ND ND
ND
ND
Chlorpyriphos 0.022 0.021 0.018 0.024 0.027 0.031 ND ND
ND
Quinalphos 0.007
0.002
0.009
ND ND
ND
0.006
0.002
0.007










Carbofuran 0.020 0.009 ND ND ND ND ND
ND
ND

*Average of two replicates
ND = Non detected
MRL (mg kg-1) From PFA: HCH (?-HCH): 3.0; DDT: 3.5; Endosufan: 2.0; Chlorpyriphos: 0.01; Malathion: 0.5;
Fenvalerate: 2.0; Cypermethrin: 0.2and 2.0 in Cabbage
MRL (mg kg-1) From FAO/WHO: DDT : 1.0; Endosulfan: 2.0; Cypermethrin: 0.5;Fenvalerate: 0.2;
Monocrotophos: 0.2; Carbofuran: 0.1







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VOL. 3, NO. 4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145
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Table-2. Effect of processing on pesticide residues (µg g-1) in Brinjal, Cauliflower and Okra.

Range of residues (Mean)
Range of residues (Mean)
Range of residues (Mean)
Brinjal
Cauliflower
Okra
Insecticides
[% Reduction]
[% Reduction]
[% Reduction]
detected
UW W B UW W B UW W B
0.007-0.028
0.005-0.023
0.022-0.030
0.005-0.019
0.027-0.
0.023-0.158
0.021-0.131
?-HCH
0.010-0.044
0.034-0.052
(0.015)
(0.013)
(0.027)
(0.017)
268
(0.069)
(0.059)
(0.027)*
(0.042)
[44]
[52]
[36]
[59]
(0.111)
[38]
[47]
0.035-0.107
0.015-0.079
0.005-0.021
0.003-0.013
0.034-0.051
0.020-0.047
?-DDT
0.056-0.178
0.018-0.025
0.042-0.059
(0.061)
(0.044)
(0.014)
(0.008)
(0.041)
(0.033)
(0.097)
(0.021)
(0.051)
[37]
[55]
[34]
[61]
[20]
[35]
?-Endosufan
0.029-0.042
0.022-0.034
0.017-0.042
0.012-0.029
0.139-0.263
0.123-0.224
0.042-0.057
0.029-0.060
0.143-0.409
(0.035)
(0.029)
(0.029)
(0.019)
(0.178)
(0.172)

(0.048)
(0.044)
(0.280)
[27]
[39]
[34]
[57]
[36]
[38]
0.016-0.026
0.015-0.022
0.451-0.648
0.394-0.434
0.009-0.020
0.006-0.020
SP
0.002-0.013
0.650-0.736
0.010-0.034
(0.020)
(0.017)
(0.490)
(0.412)
(0.013)
(0.011)
(0.027)
(0.688)
(0.019)
[26]
[37]
[29]
[40]
[31]
[42]
0.001-0.004
0.005-0.012
0.005-0.008
0.002-0.003
0.001-0.003
0.001
OP
0.008-0.010
0.024-0.031
0.003-0.007
(0.002)
(0.009)
(0.007)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.001)
(0.009)
(0.027)
(0.004)
[77]
[100]
[74]
[92]
[50]
[75]
0.004-0.018
0.001-0.014
Carbamates
0.009-0.020
(0.011)
(0.007)
- - - - -
(0.014)
[21]
[50]

Mean; UW: Unwashed; W: Washed; B: Boiled, Numbers in parenthesis [ ] is % reduction of residues.

CONCLUSIONS
Elkins E.R. 1989. Effect of commercial processing on
It can be concluded that residues of none of the
pesticide residues in selected fruits and vegetables. J.
pesticides exceeded their respective maximum residue
Assoc Anal Chem. 72: 533-535.
limits. Processing substantially lowers the residues of

pesticides in vegetables. The percentage reductions in the
FAO/WHO. 1996. Joint Food Standards Programme,
present study are supported by both early and most recent
Codex Alimentarius Commission, Codex Committee and
publications. These reductions are extremely important in
Pesticide Residues, Rome. Vol. 213, 2nd Ed.
evaluating the risk associated with ingestion of pesticide

residues, especially in vegetables, which are eaten by
Farrow R.P., Elkins E.R., Rose W.W., Lamb F.C., Rall
almost all income group people. The present study showed
J.W. and Mercher W.A. 1969. Canning operations that
that boiling was found more effective than washing, which
reduce insecticide level in prepared foods and in solid food
further support the fact that at least the vegetables under
wastes. Residue Rev. 29: 73.
study are not consumed in raw form.


Geisman J.R. 1975. Reduction of pesticide residues in
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
food crops by processing. Residue Rev. 54: 43-54.
The author expresses her gratitude to the Head,

Department of Entomology for providing research
Gill, Kanta, Kumari, Beena and Kathpal T.S. 2001.
facilities. The financial assistance given by Indian Council
Dissipation of alphamethrin residues in/on brinjal and
of Agricultural Research, New Delhi is thankfully
tomato during storage and processing conditions. J. Food
acknowledged.
Sci. Technol. (38)1: 43-46.


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ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science
©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

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