Engineering and Design Photogrammetric Mapping

---

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
EM 1110-1-1000

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CECW-EE
Washington, DC 20314-1000

Manual
No. 1110-1-1000
1 July 2002



Engineering and Design

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING


Subject
Paragraph Page

Chapter 1
Introduction
Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 1-1 1-1
Applicability .................................................................................................................. 1-2 1-1
Distribution .................................................................................................................... 1-3
1-1
References ...................................................................................................................... 1-4 1-1
Mandatory Requirements ............................................................................................... 1-5
1-1
Scope .............................................................................................................................. 1-6
1-1
Standards ........................................................................................................................ 1-7 1-2
Life Cycle Project Management Integration of Photogrammetric Mapping
Throughout the Project Life ....................................................................................... 1-8
1-3
Metrics............................................................................................................................ 1-9 1-4
Trade Name Exclusions ................................................................................................. 1-10
1-4
Manual Development and Proponency .......................................................................... 1-11 1-5
Using the Manual ........................................................................................................... 1-12 1-5
Explanation of Abbreviations and Terms....................................................................... 1-13
1-6
Mandatory Requirements of this Chapter....................................................................... 1-14
1-6

Chapter 2
Photogrammetric Accuracy Standards and Classifications
General ........................................................................................................................... 2-1 2-1
Photogrammetric Mapping Standards ............................................................................ 2-2
2-2
USACE Photogrammetric Mapping Standard................................................................ 2-3
2-7
ASPRS Accuracy Standards for Large-Scale Maps ....................................................... 2-4
2-9
Typical Mapping Scales, Contour Intervals, and Accuracy Classifications
for USACE Functional Applications.......................................................................... 2-5
2-11
Supplemental USACE Photogrammetric Mapping Criteria........................................... 2-6
2-12
USACE Orthophoto and Orthophoto Map Accuracy Standards .................................... 2-7
2-15
Photogrammetric Mapping Coverage ............................................................................ 2-8
2-16
Mandatory Requirements in Chapter 2 .......................................................................... 2-9
2-17

Chapter 3
Photogrammetric Processes
Photogrammetry ............................................................................................................. 3-1
3-1
Photogrammetric Processes............................................................................................ 3-2
3-1
Imagery Acquisition ....................................................................................................... 3-3
3-1
i

---

EM 1110-1-1000
31 Jul 02
Subject
Paragraph Page

Ground Control .............................................................................................................. 3-4 3-3
Adjustment of Imagery to the Earth ............................................................................... 3-5
3-4
Feature Collection .......................................................................................................... 3-6 3-6
Quality Control / Quality Assurance .............................................................................. 3-7
3-7

Chapter 4
Photogrammetric Mapping Planning and Cost Estimating Principles
General ........................................................................................................................... 4-1 4-1
Photogrammetric Mapping Project Planning ................................................................. 4-2
4-1
Photo Scale, Contour Interval, and Target Map Scale Determination ........................... 4-3
4-2
Data Compatibility ......................................................................................................... 4-4
4-21
Project Design ................................................................................................................ 4-5 4-22
Photogrammetric Mapping Production Flow ................................................................. 4-6
4-24
Approach to Estimating Detailed Photogrammetric Mapping Project Costs ................. 4-7
4-24
Project Specifications ..................................................................................................... 4-8
4-26
Contract Parameters ....................................................................................................... 4-9
4-26
Calculation of Production Hours for Aerial Photography .............................................. 4-10
4-28
Photo Control Surveying Cost Items.............................................................................. 4-11
4-29
Aerotriangulation ........................................................................................................... 4-12 4-29
Photogrammetric Compilation and Digital Mapping Cost Items ................................... 4-13
4-30
Orthophoto Images ......................................................................................................... 4-14
4-32
Summary of Production Hours....................................................................................... 4-15
4-32
Photogrammetric Mapping - Sample Scope of Work and Cost Estimate ...................... 4-16
4-33

Chapter 5
Aerial Photography
General ........................................................................................................................... 5-1 5-1
Subcontracted Photography............................................................................................ 5-2
5-2
General ........................................................................................................................... 5-3 5-2
Operational Procedures .................................................................................................. 5-4
5-2
Flight Line Maps ............................................................................................................ 5-5 5-6
General ........................................................................................................................... 5-6 5-7
Types of Aerial Cameras................................................................................................ 5-7
5-9
Analog Aerial Cameras .................................................................................................. 5-8
5-9
Camera Filters ................................................................................................................ 5-9 5-9
Camera Classifications ................................................................................................... 5-10
5-10
Camera Mounting Requirements.................................................................................... 5-11
5-10
Camera Criteria/Reporting ............................................................................................. 5-12
5-10
General ........................................................................................................................... 5-13 5-11
Radiant Energy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum ....................................................... 5-14
5-11
Film Characteristics........................................................................................................ 5-15 5-13
Type of Diapositives ...................................................................................................... 5-16
5-13
Film Processing and Handling Specifications and Criteria ............................................ 5-17 5-13
Camera Panel.................................................................................................................. 5-18 5-15
Film Report .................................................................................................................... 5-19 5-15
Negative Annotation ...................................................................................................... 5-20
5-15
Container Labels ............................................................................................................ 5-21 5-16
Photo Index Map Requirements ..................................................................................... 5-22 5-16
ii

---

EM 1110-1-1000
31 Jul 02

Subject...........................................................................................................................................................Paragraph Page

Contact Prints ................................................................................................................. 5-23 5-17
Contract Deliverables ..................................................................................................... 5-24
5-17

Chapter 6
Structural Evaluation
General ........................................................................................................................... 6-1 6-1
Coordinate Reference Systems....................................................................................... 6-2
6-1
Ground Control Requirements for Photogrammetric Mapping...................................... 6-3
6-1
Marking Photo Control................................................................................................... 6-4
6-7
Survey Accuracy Standards............................................................................................ 6-5
6-11
Deliverables.................................................................................................................... 6-6 6-12

Chapter 7
Airborne Global Positioning System Techniques
ABGPS ........................................................................................................................... 7-1 7-1
Project Planning ............................................................................................................. 7-2 7-1
Other Considerations...................................................................................................... 7-3
7-2
Ground Receiver ............................................................................................................ 7-4
7-3
Airborne Receiver .......................................................................................................... 7-5
7-3
ABGPS Project Configuration ....................................................................................... 7-6
7-5
Quality Control............................................................................................................... 7-7 7-5

Chapter 8
Analytical Aerotriangulation
General ........................................................................................................................... 8-1 8-1

Aerotriangulation Principles........................................................................................... 8-2
8-1
Softcopy Methods .......................................................................................................... 8-3
8-1
Pass Points...................................................................................................................... 8-4
8-2
Ground Control Points ................................................................................................... 8-5
8-3
Other Points.................................................................................................................... 8-6 8-5
Instrumentation............................................................................................................... 8-7 8-5
Accuracy and Quality Control Criteria .......................................................................... 8-8
8-5
Stereoplotter Settings ..................................................................................................... 8-9
8-8
Deliverables.................................................................................................................... 8-10 8-8

Chapter 9
Stereocompilation Procedures
General ........................................................................................................................... 9-1 9-1
Preparation ..................................................................................................................... 9-2 9-1
Stereoplatters .................................................................................................................. 9-3 9-2
Types of Stereoplotters................................................................................................... 9-4
9-2
Stereoplotter Operations................................................................................................. 9-5
9-3
Stereoplotter Output Devices ......................................................................................... 9-6
9-4
Softcopy Workstation..................................................................................................... 9-7 9-5
Softcopy Workstations Output Devices ......................................................................... 9-8
9-5
Stereoplotter Accuracies................................................................................................. 9-9
9-5
Line Map Compilation Procedures................................................................................. 9-10
9-7
Compilation of Topography ........................................................................................... 9-11
9-8
Map Manuscript ............................................................................................................. 9-12 9-11
iii

---

EM 1110-1-1000
31 Jul 02
Subject
Paragraph Page

Map Edit......................................................................................................................... 9-13 9-12
Reproduction .................................................................................................................. 9-14 9-14
Deliverables.................................................................................................................... 9-15 9-14

Chapter 10
Orthophotographs
Orthophotographs........................................................................................................... 10-1 10-1
Background .................................................................................................................... 10-2 10-1
Current Status ................................................................................................................. 10-3 10-2
Map Substitute................................................................................................................ 10-4 10-3
Image Quality ................................................................................................................. 10-5 10-3
Workstations................................................................................................................... 10-6 10-4
Production Procedures.................................................................................................... 10-7
10-5
Enlargement Factor ........................................................................................................ 10-8
10-8
Limitation of Orthophotography ................................................................................... 10-9
10-8

Chapter 11
Airborne LIDAR Topographic Surveying
General ........................................................................................................................... 11-1 11-1
Operating Principles ....................................................................................................... 11-2 11-1
Uses of LIDAR within the Corps ................................................................................... 11-3
11-2
Background .................................................................................................................... 11-4 11-3
Capabilities and Limitations........................................................................................... 11-5
11-3
Comparisons with Existing Technologies ...................................................................... 11-6
11-3
LIDAR System Components.......................................................................................... 11-7
11-4
Planning a LIDAR Data Collection................................................................................ 11-8
11-6
LIDAR Data Collection ................................................................................................. 11-9
11-7
LIDAR Data Processing................................................................................................. 11-10
11-9
Results ............................................................................................................................ 11-11 11-9
Data Classification ......................................................................................................... 11-12 11-10
Quality Control............................................................................................................... 11-13 11-11
Contracting Issues .......................................................................................................... 11-14 11-11
Sources of Additional Information................................................................................. 11-15 11-12

Appendix A
References

Appendix B
Planimetric and Topographic Feature
Depiction Specifications

Appendix C
Guide Specification for Photogrammetric
Mapping and Aerial Photography Services
Appendix D
ASPRS Accuracy Standards
for Large-Scale Maps

iv

---

EM 1110-1-1000
31 Jul 02

Appendix E
Sample Metadata File

Appendix F
Sample SOW

Glossary

v

---

EM 1110-1-1000
31 Jul 02

Chapter 1
Introduction


1-1. Purpose

This manual presents procedural guidance, technical specifications, and quality control (QC) criteria for
performing aerial photogrammetric mapping activities.

1-2. Applicability

This manual applies to all major subordinate commands, districts, and laboratories performing and/or con-
tracting for aerial photography and photogrammetric mapping services in support of planning, engineering
and design, construction, operation, maintenance, and/or regulation of civil works or military construction
projects. This manual is also applicable to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) functional areas having
responsibility for environmental investigations and studies, archeological investigations, historical preser-
vation studies, hazardous and toxic waste site restoration, structural deformation monitoring investigations,
regulatory enforcement activities, and support to Army installation maintenance and repair programs and
installation master planning functions. Waivers from applicability should be requested by written memoran-
dum to Headquarters, USACE (ATTN: CECW-EE).

1-3. Distribution

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.

1-4. References

Required and related publications are listed in Appendix A.

1-5. Mandatory Requirements

The purpose of mandatory requirements is to assure that geospatial data developed from photogrammetric
methods meet accuracy requirements and corporate direction for Geospatial data collection. . Mandatory
requirements pertaining to the guidance contained in a particular chapter are summarized at the end
of each chapter. No mandatory requirements are identified in the appendices. Instead, any mandatory
requirements pertaining to information contained in Appendices A through G are cited in chapters which
reference those appendices.

1-6. Scope


a. This manual provides standard procedures, minimum accuracy requirements, instrumentation and
equipment requirements, product delivery requirements and QC criteria for photogrammetric mapping. This
includes aerial photography and standard line mapping (topographic or planimetric) products, including
digital spatial data for use in computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) systems and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS). The manual is intended to be a primary reference specification for contracted
photogrammetric services. It should be used as a guide in planning mapping requirements, developing
contract specifications, and preparing cost estimates for all phases of aerial photography and photogrammetric
mapping. It may also be used as general guidance in executing some phases of photogrammetric mapping
with USACE hired-labor forces.


1-1

---

EM 1110-1-1000
31 Jul 02


b. This manual is intended to cover primarily those large-scale (i.e., greater than 400 feet (ft) per inch
(in.)) photogrammetric mapping products that support typical USACE construction projects. These products
include detailed site plan (or planimetry) feature mapping, topographic (vertical terrain) mapping, air photo
enlargement plan drawings, and orthophotography mapping. The manual focuses primarily on the preparation
of design drawings and other documents associated with these products, including related contracted con-
struction performance activities.


c. Computer Automated Drafting and Design (CADD) vs. Geographic Information System (GIS).
Photogrammetric mapping data collection is generally a necessary but costly process. The decision regarding
final formats (CADD vs GIS) of spatial data is not always clear cut. Organization, storage, manipulation, and
updating of data in a CADD system are efficient and appropriate for many engineering and mapping
purposes. The decision to move from CADD to GIS stems from the requirement or desire to spatially analyze
the data. While analysis capabilities are becoming increasingly more desirable, GIS databases can be more
expensive to develop than CADD data. A portion of the time and cost in photogrammetric map production is
the final format of the data sets. Factors that may affect the decision regarding CADD vs GIS include:

(1) Immediate and future uses of the spatial data sets collected.

(2) Immediate and future data analysis requirements for spatial data sets.

(3) Costs and time for each format requested.

(4) Project cost sharing and ownership.


d. Every attempt should be made to collect spatial data sets in the formats that will provide the most use
and utility. GIS formatting costs can be minimized if the Contractor is aware of the request at the time of
initial data collection. Many engineering, planning, and environmental projects can make use of and may
require GIS capability in spatial data analysis. When planning a photogrammetric mapping project, both
CADD and GIS formats may be required. Collection of the spatial data in both CADD and GIS will provide
for the most utility of the spatial data sets and should be the first recommendation.

1-7. Standards

The use of geospatial data standards is good (sharing data, reliable decsions, etc.)


a. Throughout the manual, photogrammetric mapping criteria standards are in specific terms and are
normally summarized in tables. Guidance is in more general terms where methodologies are described in
readily available references or survey instrumentation operating manuals. Where procedural guidance is
otherwise unavailable, it is provided herein.


b. One of the most important types of standards critical to geospatial data exchange is a data content
standard. Data content standards define and organize the data captured in a geospatial database. A data
content standard provides a list of “real-world” objects (e.g., roads, buildings, trees, etc.) for a given area of
interest, their semantic definitions, and a logical data model to organize and encode “instances” of geospaital
phenomena in a geospatial database. The Spatial Data Standards for Facilities, Infrastructure, and
Environment (SDSFIE) is the USACE data content standard, and geospatial databases shall be developed
using this standard. A mapping of features that USACE traditionally collects to the SDSFIE is included in
Appendix B.


c. Geospatial metadata provide descriptive information in a standard format about geospatial data sets.
Metadata describe the content, quality, fitness for use, access instructions, and other characteristics about the
geospatial data. Geospatial metadata increase the longevity of geospatial data by maximizing the its use. All
1-2

---

EM 1110-1-1000
31 Jul 02

USACE photogrammetric mapping projects shall include metadata fully compliant with the “Content
Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM),” FGDC-STD-007-1998. The USACE guidance on
implementing FGDC-STD-007-1998 can be found in EM 1110-1-2909. A sample metadata file for
photogrammetric mapping data is presented in Appendix E of this manual.


d. Accuracy specifications, procedural criteria, product delivery requirements, and QC requirements
contained in this manual shall be directly referenced in the scopes of work for Architect-Engineer (A-E)
survey services or other third-party survey services. This is intended to ensure that uniform and standardized
procedures are followed by contract service sources throughout USACE.
The “American Society for
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Standards for Large-Scale Mapping” (ASPRS 1990) and the
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), “Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards, Part 4: Standards
for Architecture, Engineering, Construction (A/E/C) and Facility Management” (FGDC 1998), shall be
considered the USACE accuracy standards. ASPRS Standards have three accuracy classes for
photogrammetric mapping products. The three accuracy classes are defined in this manual, together with the
detailed criteria, instrumentation, and procedures necessary to meet these accuracy classifications. For each
class of map, procedural specifications and limitations are defined, such as allowable types of photographic or
mensuration instruments, QC criteria, limiting flight altitude, photo enlargement criteria, and recommended
development scales based on project functional requirements. The ASPRS, as it is applied to USACE
projects, is explained in Chapter 2, and the entire ASPRS standard is in Appendix D of this manual.

1-8. Life Cycle Project Management Integration of Photogrammetric Mapping Throughout
the Project Life


a. Prior to contracting for photogrammetric services, USACE is required to ensure that there are no
existing data (to include aerial photography and elevation data) that would meet project requirements. The
following resources for geospatial data must be checked prior to contracting for photogrammetric services:


(1) National Digitital Orthophoto Program – The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) participates in the
National Digital Orthophoto Program (NDOP) in cooperation with U.S. Department of Agriculture agencies.
The effects of camera tilt and terrain relief are removed through a rectification process to create a computer
file referred to as a digital orthophoto. A digital orthophoto is uniform scale photographic image and can be
considered a photographic map. (Chapter 10). Orthophotoquads are distortion-free aerial photographs that are
formatted and printed as standard 7.5-min, 1:24,000-scale quadrangles (15-min in Alaska) or as quarter
quadrangles at a scale of 1:12,000. Prior to contracting for photogrammetric services, check the availability
of NDOP products at http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/status/doq_stat.html and determine whether existing
orthophotoquads will meet project requirements.


(2) National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) – Aerial photographs archived and distributed by the
USGS include the repository of multiagency National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) photos at
1:40,000 scale in color infrared or black and white; National High Altitude Aerial Photography Program
(NHAP) photos at 1:58,000 scale for color infrared and 1:80,000 for black and white; and aerial photos at
various scales from USGS mapping projects and other Federal agencies such as the Bureau of Reclamation,
Environmental Protection Agency, and the USACE. Prior to contracting for photogrammetric services, check
the availability of NAPP products at http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/status/napp_stat.html and determine
whether existing Aerial Photography will meet project requirements.


(3) National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) Clearinghouse Site – The Clearinghouse Activity,
sponsored by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), is a decentralized system of servers located
on the Internet which contain field-level descriptions of available digital spatial data. These descriptive
information, known as metadata, are collected in a standard format to facilitate query and consistent
presentation across multiple participating sites. Prior to contracting for photogrammetric services, check the

1-3

---

EM 1110-1-1000
31 Jul 02

availability of existing products at http://www.fgdc.gov/clearinghouse/clearinghouse.html and determine
whether existing data can be used to meet project requirements.


b. USACE should also verify with Federal field offices any state and local government’s potential plans
to develop orthophoto, etc that may meet project requirements. In many cases, this can be done through a
regional GIS User’s Group or Consortia. It is important that the USACE take advantage of existing data or
partner with interested parties to develop the data to reduce overall project costs.


c. Most engineering projects require some degree of surveying and mapping during each stage (i.e.,
planning, acquisition, design, construction, operation, and maintenance). Therefore, in the early phases of a
project, a comprehensive plan should be developed to integrate the surveying and mapping requirements
throughout the various stages of the life of the project. This plan shall be consistent with the Districts
Geospatial Data and Systems (GD&S) Implementation Plan as outlined in EM 1110-1-2909. Development of
a comprehensive surveying and mapping plan consistent with the District’s overall GD&S goals will
eliminate duplicate surveys performed for different purposes, of different accuracy, for different organiza-
tions, and/or at different times, and ensure that these data generated will be of maximum use to the District.

1-9. Metrics

Both metric (SI) and English (non-SI) systems of measurement in this manual are used because of the com-
mon use of both systems throughout the surveying, mapping, and photogrammetric professions. The
photogrammetric industry uses both English and metric units. English units of measure are more common for
some parameters such as flight altitudes in feet, and aerial film/photo dimensions in inches. Camera focal
lengths are measured in either inches or millimeters (mm), with "6-in. camera" normally used rather than its
153-mm equivalent.

a.
Metric scale ratios are generally required for civil works or military construction. Both English and
metric scales are expressed throughout this manual. English units are generally expressed as "1 in. = x ft"
notation, or more commonly, "x ft/in." Unit ratio (i.e., 1:x) scale measures may also be used for English units
and are used throughout this manual for metric units.. For example, a 100-scale photo represents a
100-ft/in.-scale photo, or 1 in. = 100 ft, or 1:1,200. However, when creating a map in metric units the map
scales are generally in increments evenly divided by 10 (i.e., 1:500, 1:1,000, or 1,20,000). Direct conversion
from English units to metric units (i.e., 1"=100' to 1:1,200) should not be a common map scale for a mapping
project intended to be metric in scale. The map scale should be the nearest common metric map scale (i.e.,
Converting to metric for an English map scale of 1"=100' should be 1:1,000).

b.
Minimum scale limitations given in the manual for either photography or mapping imply that a scale
cannot be less (i.e., smaller ratio) than the prescribed scale (e.g., a 100-ft/in. scale is smaller than a 50-ft/in.
scale). Common scales in both English and metric are shown throughout the manual. Other scales may be
calculated by the user.

In all cases, metric conversions are based exclusively on the U.S. Survey Foot, which equals exactly
1,200/3,937 meters (m).

1-10. Trade Name Exclusions

The citation in this manual of trade names of commercial firms, commercially