Environmental Impact Assessment of Gotvand Hydro-Electric Dam on ...

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 54 2009

Environmental Impact Assessment of Gotvand
Hydro-Electric Dam on the Karoon River Using
ICOLD Technique

A. Sayadi, A. Khodadadi D., and S. Partani


inherent to development. Whilst development aims to bring
Abstract—Today Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is
about positive change it can lead to conflicts. In the past, the
known as one of the most important tools for decision makers in the
promotion of economic growth as the motor for increased
construction of civil and industrial projects towards sustainable well-being was the main development thrust with little
development. In the past, projects were evaluated based on cost and
sensitivity to adverse social or environmental impacts. The
benefit analysis regardless of the physical and biological
environmental effects and its socio-economical impacts. According to
need to avoid adverse impacts and to ensure long term benefits
the Department of Environment (DOE) of Iran's regulations, the led to the concept of sustainability. This has become accepted
construction of hydroelectric dams is an activity that requires an EIA
as an essential feature of development if the aim of increased
report. In this paper the environmental impact assessment of the well-being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs is to be
Gotvand hydro-electrical dam has been evaluated in the three
met for this and future generations. The imperative for
environment elements, biological, Physical-chemical and cultural development to remedy these defects may be so great that
units. This dam is one of the largest dams in Iran with a volume of
4500 MCM and is going to be the last dam on the
consequent environmental degradation may be tolerated. With
Karoon River in
the south of Iran. In this paper the ICOLD (International Commission
Iran as a water scarce country, with a mean annual rainfall of
on Large Dams) technique was employed for the environmental below 250 mm, the use of water has been critical to the
impact assessment of the dam. The research includes all socio development of the country’s industrial base and wider
economical and environmental effects of the dam during the economy and will remain so in future. However, due to past
construction and operation of the hydro electric dam and exploitation, and the increasing demand for water, the
Environmental management, monitoring and mitigation of negative
impacts were analyzed. In this project the results led to using some
regulation of our water resources is essential [2]. Literatures
techniques to protect the destructive impacts on biological aspects
indicate that the most negative impacts of large dam
beside the effective long time period impacts on the biological construction are loss in the ecological/biodiversity [3]:
aspects. The impacts on physical aspects are temporary and negative
a) Impact on the ecology of the freshwater system,
commonly that could be restored and rehabilitated in natural process
b) Loss in water bird habitat.
in the long time in operation period.
World Bank’s estimate that roughly ten million people are

displaced each year due to dam construction, urban
Keywords—"Gotvand Hydro Electric Dam", "EIA", "ICOLD and
Leopold matrices".
development, and transportation and infrastructure programs
[4]: This number is shockingly high, but it still fails to account
I. INTRODUCTION
for large numbers of the displaced. Displacement tallies
almost always refer only to persons physically ousted from
comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),
legally acquired land in order to make way for the planned
A since 1971 mandatory in a growing number of ICOLD1 project, ignoring those living in the vicinity of, or downstream
member countries, ought to become standard procedure from, projects, whose livelihoods and socio-cultural milieu
everywhere as part of project conceptualization, that is well might be adversely affected by the project [5].
before final design and the start of construction [1].
It is during the dam operation phase - which can typically
Economic, Social, Physical and Environmental change is span 50 to 100 years - that the most severe impacts on
fisheries and aquatic environments take place [3]. Produced
comprehensive reviews of dam impacts on fisheries and
Ahmad Sayadi is with Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University,
aquatic ecology at global level, while carried out detailed
Iran (corresponding author, phone: +98(21)82883546, fax: +98(21)82884324;
e-mail: Sayadi@modares.ac.ir).
analysis of the impacts of dams on aquatic environment and
Ahmad Khodadadi Darban is with Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat fisheries in Africa and South-east Asia. Impacts can be
Modares University, Iran (phone: +98(21)82883399, fax: +98(21)82884324;
grouped into two categories: 1) impacts which affect fish
e-mail: AKDarban@modares.ac.ir).
directly, and 2) impacts which affect the fisheries
Sadegh Partani is with Modares Environmental Research Center-MERC,
Tarbai Modares University, Iran (phone: +98(21)82883995, fax: environments (upstream river, reservoir, downstream river,
+98(21)82884324, e-mail: Sadegh_Partani@yahoo.com)
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 54 2009

estuary, delta, sea) in some manner that leads to a and industrial supply and navigation.
deterioration in fish biodiversity, fish stocks and/or fisheries
production. Thus a proper EIA report can predict the all
II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
environmental effects and propose the possible techniques for
The Gotvand Dam which is going to be constructed in the
mitigation or reduction of negative effects [3].
next few years as the last dam on Karoon River is located
There are three principal methods for identifying within the Khozestan Province South of Iran. This dam will
environmental effects and impacts: Checklists are have a surface of 96.5 km2 with an approximate water volume
comprehensive lists of environmental effects and impact of 4445 million m for the purposes of hydroelectric energy
indicators designed to stimulate the analyst to think broadly with the capacity of 4250 million KW, agricultural and
about possible consequences of contemplated actions. This recreational uses.
strength can also be a weakness, however, because it may lead
the analyst to ignore factors that are not on the lists. Checklists
III. METHODOLOGY
are found in one form or another in nearly all EIA methods.
One of the most comprehensive is published in the United
Data Gathering
The research method involved formal and informal
States [6]. Matrices typically employ a list of human actions in
interviews with key informants within formal and indigenous
addition to a list of impact indicators. The two are related in a
institutions. These included key government officials,
matrix which can be used to identify (to a limited extent) university professors, environmental consultants,
cause-and-effect relationships and flow diagrams are nongovernmental organizations, and traditional leaders. Open-
sometimes used to identify action-effect- impact relationships.
ended questions designed to identify constraints to EIA
The flow diagram permits the analyst to visualize the practice in the country were posed. These were supplemented
connection between action and impact. In this research the with content analysis of secondary data and information from
above three methods were used and the results were compared
official publications and other related literature. Transcripts of
[2].
interviews, field notes, and relevant literature were analyzed
The forth and fifth National Development Program (NDP) on the basis of themes and patterns of interrelationships
of Iran call for the uniform protection of all significant water among responses that addressed the research goal [7].
resources, and places emphasis on resource sustainability and

integrated water resource management. Department of
EIA Analyzing Method
Environment (DOE) of Iran also required the necessity of EIA
The environmental assessment of
report for all hydro-electric projects to assist in their decision-
Gotvand dam and its
related installations began by analyzing the available
making process. In this paper socio-economical and the environmental resources. In analyzing the environmental
environmental impact assessment of the Gotvand hydro-
resources of watershed basins of region, the available maps
electrical dam has been evaluated. This dam is one of the together with land works were used. Furthermore, in the
largest dams in Iran with a volume of 4.5 billion m3 and is environmental impact analysis of the dam and its related
going to be the last dam on the Karoon River in the south of installations, the method of ICOLD matrix was used. The aims
Iran. In this paper all socio economical and environmental of the prediction and evaluation stages of the EIA procedure
effects of the dam during the construction and operation of the
are to identify those activities most likely to occur, and to
hydro electric dam have been discussed.
determine the likely importance of these impacts, be they
Of the types of development projects that bring about positive or negative. All the implementing activities in
physical displacement, dams and their related infrastructure, connection with the dam construction was predicted in the
including power stations and irrigation canals, stand out as the
method , and after the land visit to the studying areas, a list of
largest contributor to displace. All dams and reservoirs as impacted environmental factors was made ready [2, 8].
many other human activities, become a part of their
The EIA evaluation was made for the important phases
environment which they influence and transform to a degree during the construction and after operation. The negative
and within a range that vary from project to project. impacts of each activity on the environmental resources was
Frequently seeming to be in opposition, but not necessarily then evaluated, and the results were examined. In this method,
irreconcilable, dams and their environment interrelate with a the environmental resources, which will be affected by
degree of complexity that makes the task of the dam engineer
“much” and “very much” negative impacts, have been
particularly difficult. The solution must be to find the golden identified. The activities, resulting in resources destruction,
mean by striking a balance between divergent and sometimes have been then specified (table I). Magnitude is a quantifiable
contradictory goals. We need dams and the many benefits measure of the size of an impact, and it can be defined as the
which their reservoirs offer all over the world, by storing degree of movement away from the baseline state of the
water in times of surplus and dispensing it in times of scarcity.
specific environmental ICOLD has prepared a large and
Dams prevent or mitigate devastating floods and catastrophic comprehensive matrix for use in EIA studies for dams. The
droughts. They adjust natural runoff with its seasonal system of symbols for each box shows: whether the impact is
variations and climatic irregularities to meet the pattern of beneficial or detrimental; the scale of the impact; the
demand for irrigated agriculture, power generation, domestic
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 54 2009

probability of occurrence; the time-scale of occurrence; and, information is presented to the user simultaneous to
whether the design has taken the impact into account, [1]. This
completing the matrix. This information is of three types:
comprehensive approach, however, makes the final output textual information specific to each environmental component
rather difficult to use and a maximum of three criteria is (i.e. the vertical axis of the matrix), rule-based information
recommended per impact to maintain clarity. Ahmad and relating to the primary and higher order impacts of specific
Sammy suggest that the most important criteria are: activities (the horizontal component of the matrix), and
magnitude, or degree of change; geographical extent; baseline biophysical and socio-economic data relating to the
significance; and, special sensitivity [9]. "Significance" could project's location (further details are given below). This
be further sub-divided to indicate why an impact is significant.
information is held within a relational database comprised of
For example, it may be because of irreversibility, economic tables relating to environmental components, project types,
vulnerability; a threat to rare species etc. "Special sensitivity"
activities, impacts, mitigation measures and their inter-
refers to locally important issues component under relationships. In addition the database contains textual
consideration. Here the magnitude is expressed on a scale of 1
information on each key item, i.e. activities and impacts. In
to 3. Significance is defined as a measure of how important the end, simple and implementable management mechanisms
the assessor feels any movement away from the baseline and strategies have been suggested to mitigate the negative
conditions to be. Significance is expressed on a scale ranging impacts resulted from the project implementation. Thus,
from highly detrimental (−5), through negligible (0), to highly
proper environmental management in the watershed of the
beneficial (+5). On the basis of these scores all activities can region depends on the careful and complete implementation of
be ordinal ranked [12].
these proposed mechanisms [10].
In order to aid completion of the matrix, domain specific

TABLE I
THE ACTIVITIES, RESULTING IN RESOURCES DESTRUCTION
Surface water hydrology
Aquatic habitats Water
supply Socio-economics
Surface water quality
Aquatic wildlife
Food supply
Infrastructure
Groundwater hydrology
Terrestrial habitats Fuel
supply
Resettlement
Soil erosion
Terrestrial wildlife Navigation
Indigenous
cultures
Soil fertility
Coastal habitats Recreation
Aesthetics
Geology Marine
life
Flood
control
Noise
Sedimentation Forests
Irrigation/drainage Public
health
Air quality
Protected areas
Agriculture
Nutrition
Endangered
species
Aquaculture
Archaeology

Agro-industry


IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
indicates the Improbable impact N shows the Non probable
An assessment of the potential and existing impacts of the impact, P shows the permanent and T indicates the Temperate
extraction of water from the Gotvand Dam on the surrounding
impact, L, M and I define Long term, Middle term and
environment was based on existing information and specialist
Instantaneous effect and finally Y shows the yield impact and
studies, the existing and potential impacts have been assessed
N not defined impacts.
as shown in Table II.
Based on above description the ICOLD matrices shown in
As indicated in Table II, the positive environmental effect Tables III, IV and V indicate the impacts of each activity of
received 12 crosses while the negative impact possible get 16
the Gotvand dam on physical, biological and socio-
crosses; then it may be concluded that the Gotvand dam economical environment.
construction will have negative impact for the environment
The table III biological impacts demonstrates that (E501)
especially on biological element. however the number of vegetal destruction has the maximum effect while fun (E 506)
positive impact especially in term of socio-economical impact
and flora ranked less negative impacts.
significantly affect its negative ones.
The table IV physical impacts shows that (A207) vegetal
The environmental effects of the Gotvand Dam destruction, (A208) raw material supply and (A301)
construction on biological, physical and socioeconomic discharging water vegetal area have the high negative impacts.
aspects using ICOLD technique is shown in Table III, IV and
Water use in agriculture (A 101), tourism (A 403),
V, respectively.
industrial development (A415), fish industry (A 401) and
The description of each sign, item and abbreviation of the infrastructure construction for the region (A 405) have the
ICOLD technique in Table III, IV and V is as the following greatest positive impacts.
[2].
Vegetal destruction (A 207) has very negative impacts on
I, II, III determine the priority of the waster consumption, the physical, biological and socio economical environment.
the sign + and – show the negative or positive impact, no. 1, 2,
A change in the type, distribution and coverage of
and 3 indicate low, medium and high impacts respectively, C
vegetation may occur given a change in the climate; this much
indicates the Certain impact, P indicates the Probable impact, I
is obvious. However, to what extent particular plant life
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 54 2009

changes, dies or thrives, depends largely on the model of species usually proliferate with the execution of water
prediction used. In any given scenario, a mild change in projects. These aquatic weeds have very serious impacts on
climate may result in increased precipitation and warmth, water supply and other reservoir based economic activitie.
resulting in improved plant growth and the subsequent This has greatly contributed to the decline of fishing as an
sequestration of airborne CO2. Larger, faster or more radical occupation in most settlements. Perhaps the most serious
changes, however, may well result in vegetation stress, rapid aspect of aquatic weed growth is its direct impact on the
plant loss and desertification in certain circumstances [11].
incidence and spread of water borne diseases such as
The biological impacts of the Gotvand reservoir are felt in schistosomiasis, encephalitis and filariasis.
the areas of weeds, and environmental health including
bilharzia, malaria and onchocerciasis. Weeds different plant
TABLE II
THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF DAM ON PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMICAL ENVIRONMENT
Positive
Positive
Negative
Negative
No judgment
For each environmental effect place a
No
impact very
impact
impact
impact very
possible at
Comments
cross (X) in one of the columns
impact
likely
possible
possible
likely
present
A
B
C
D
E
F

1-1 Low flow regime







1-2 Flood regime







Hydrology
1-3 Operation of dams
×






1-4 Fall of water table



1-5 Rise of water table

×


2-1 Solute dispersion



×



2-2 Toxic substances



×



Pollution
2-3 Organic pollution



×



2-4 Anaerobic effects







2-5 Gas emissions







3-1 Soil salinity







3-2 Soil properties







Soils
3-3 Saline groundwater



3-4 Saline drainage

×


3-5 Saline intrusion



×



4-1 Local erosion

×


4-2 Hinterland effect







4-3 River morphology







Sediments
4-4 Channel regime







4-5 Sedimentation







4-6 Estuary erosion







5-1 Project lands







5-2 Water bodies







5-3 Surrounding area







5-4 Valleys & shores



Ecology
5-5 Wetlands & plains



5-6 Rare species



×



5-7 Animal migration







5-8 Natural industry
×






6-1 Population change
×






6-2 Income amenity
×


6-3 Human migration

×


6-4 Resettlement



×



Socio-
6-5 Women's role







economic
6-6 Minority groups
×


×

6-7 Sites of value
×






6-8 Regional effects
×






6-9 User involvement
×






6-10 Recreation

×





7-1 Water & sanitation
×






7-2 Habitation
×


7-3 Health services
×






7-4 Nutrition
×


Health
7-5 Relocation effect



7-6 Disease ecology



×



7-7 Disease hosts



×



7-8 Disease control

×





7-9 Other hazards







8-1 Pests & weeds



×



8-2 Animal diseases



×



Imbalances
8-3 Aquatic weeds



×



8-4 Structural damage

×


8-5 Animal imbalances

×



Number of crosses
12
2

16
1
1
(Total = 32)

4

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 54 2009


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div
oom
im
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
1
2
3
A
A
A
A
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A
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50
50
50
s
es
ion
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or
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s
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Fa
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C
ca
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al Act
er
si
ical R
at
y
h
f
f
e
ys
W
p
A
ph
Leg
5

---

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 54 2009


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IY
IY
LY
MT
M
MY
LY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MN
P
P
P
P
P
T
T
T
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P

ICA
301
P
P
P
P
CPLY
P
P
P
CT
CPMY
CPLY
CPLY
P
P
P
CPMY
CPMY
P
E
-
2
-
1 C
-
1
-
1
-2
-
2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-1
-
2
-
1
-
2 P
-1
-1
+2 CPMY
-1
+2 CPMY
-1
+1 P
+1 P
+1 P
+1 CPMY
+1 P
+2 CPMY
+2 CT
+1 CT
+1 P

P
HYS
s
e
s
a
c
other
ON
E213
N
I
O
a
on of W
i
tuat
ac
l F
I
Y
IN
T
2
T
21
C
CT
3 CPMY
E
-
1
-1
+
RUC
T
N
Y
S
n
a
l
nage and
i
dra

L
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
MY
MY
MY
M
MY
LY
MY
LY
MY
MY
LY
MY
LY
P
T
T
T
T
T
T
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
ON
P
P
C
P
PPLN
C
E211
-
2 PPLY
-
2 PPLN
-1
-
1 PPLY
-
1 PPLY
-
1 C
-
2 C
-
1 C
-
1 C
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
1
-
2
-1
-
2
+1 C
-
1 C
-
1 C
+2 C
+2 C
+2 PPMY
+1 C
+1 C
+1 PT
+1 C
Y
Y
o
phol
geomor
new
IY
IY
IY
IY
IY
MY
T
LY
LY
MY
MY
MY
LY
AM
0
P
P
T
D
CPMY
21
CPLY
CPIY
CPMY
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
CPMY
CPIY
CPMY
CP
CPT
C
P
CPMY
P
CPMY
1 PP

E
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-
1
+2 CPMY
-
1
+1 CPMY
-
1
+2 CPLY
+2
-1
+1 PT
-1
+2 CPMY
+1 CPMY
+1 PP
+1 PT
+
D
ood
fl
MY
MY
MY
LY
MY
MY
LY
MY
MY
MY
P
P
P
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
P
P
P
P
P
LY
MY
P


T
T
T
T
VAN


3 C
2 C
2 C
E209
+3 C
+3 C
+
-
1 C
-
1 C
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
1 PPNY
+
+2 C
+
-
1 PPLY
-
1 PPMY
+3 C
+3 C
-
1 PT
-
2 PT
+2 C
+1 PT
+1 PPMN
OT
6
G
E
n
o i t a
n
li
sa
il
so
LY
LY
LY
LY
8
P
P
P
P
ts
20
P
P
P
P
E
-2
-
1
-
1
-2
+1 CPLY
pac
Im
u
q
rth
ea
e
v
ti
nduc
i
al
MN
TS OF TH
i
c
P
s
y
E207
-
2 C
-
2 PPMY
-
3 PPMY
-
3 PPMY
-
2 PPMN
N
Y
E
FFEC
Geoph
y t i l
abi
t
pe s
o l
s
MY
MN
M
IY
IY
IY
IY
IY
IY
IY
M
MY
MY
MY
LY
MY
MY
MY
6
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
PP
CPIY
CPIY
CT
CT
CT
CPIY
CT
CT
CPMY
CPMY
P
P
CPIY
P
P
CPMY
P
CT
CT
CPMN
AL
20
E
-1
-1
-
1
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-
2
-
1
-2
-1
-
1
-
1 C
-1
-
1
-1
-1
+2 CPLY
+2 CPMY
-1
-1
-1
+1 PP
+1 PP
+2 CPMY
Y
Y
n
on i
ati
t
men
Sedi
LY
LY
L
LY
LY
I
Y
I
Y
LY
MY
MN
L
MY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MN
P
P
P
P
P
T
T
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
C
CP
ONMENT
E205
-
2 C
-
1 C
-
1
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
2 C
1-
+1 PPMY
-
2 C
-
2 PPLY
-
1 C
-
1 C
-1
+2 C
-
1 PPLY
-
1 C
-
1 C
+2 C
+2 C
+1 C
+3 C
+2 C
+1 C
Y
Y
VIR
ad
o
bed l
er
v
Ri
M
IY
IY
IY
IY
IY
MY
M
LY
MY
MN
MN
4
P
P
P
P
20
CPMY
CPMN
CPLY
PP
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
CPMY
CPMY
P
CPMY
P
CPMY
CPMY
CT
P
1 PP
-

E
N
E
-1
-1
-1
-
1
-2
-2
-1
-3
-2
-1
-1
-1
-
1 P
-1
-
1
-1
-1
+2 CPLY
+2 CPMY
-2
+1 CPMY
-
1
+2 CPMY
+1 CPMY
+1 CPMY
+
N
Y
Y
Y
pended Sedi
s
u
s
MY
MY
MN
MN
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
MY
MY
MY
MN
MY
M
M
MY
MY
MY
LY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MY
P
P
LY
M
P
P
P
P
E

IV
P
P
PM
P
P
T
T
T
T
T
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
T
C
P
P
P
E203
-
1 C
-
1 C
-
1
-
1 C
-
1 C
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
1 C
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
1 C
-
1 C
-
1 C
-
1
-
2 PPIY
-1
-1
-
1 C
-
1 PPLY
-
1 C
-
1 C
+2 C
+2 C
-
2 C
-
1 C
+2 C
-
1 PPMN
+2 C
+1 C
+1 C
+1 PPMN
Y
Y
TABL
ons
i
os
er
M
IY
IY
IY
IY
IY
IY
IY
M
LY
LY
MY
MN
2
P
P
P
P
20
CPMY
CPMY
PP
CPIY
CMPY
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
CPMY
CPMY
CPMY
CT
CT
CPIY
C
CPMN
P
CPMY
CT
P
CPMY
P
CPMY
1 CPMY
1 CPMY
E
-
2
-2
-
1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-2
-2
-1
-
1
-1
-
1
-2
+2 CPLY
+3 CPMY
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
+1 CPMY
+
+
Y
y
og
phol
mor
LY
MY
IY
MY
MY
IY
I
Y
I
Y
I
Y
MY
MY
MY
MY
M
IY
P
P
P
P
P
T
T
T
T
P
P
P
P
P
C
CP
E201
-
1PPMY
-
1C
-
1C
-
1C
-
1C
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
2 C
-
1 C
-
1 C
-
1 C
-
1
-1
-
1 PPLY
-
1 C
+1 C
+1 C
-
1 PPMN
+1 PPLY
n
r
g
a
s
a
e
n
i
ons
i
te
v
m
pt
m
t
em
ng
s
s
ey
i
n
um
y
l
oati
nes
f
l
ow
e ri

r da
es
ons
on
onv
i
r
er
anti
t
f
ur
r

c
ti
bi
n s
pl
s
bas
t
e
c
o
r
a
uc
i
o
r

ons
i
n
ue
w
s
rv
ov
er
oi
l
i
ng th
al
eas
of
tr
oi
e
at the da
er
ent
ati
v
the
ng thei
v
t
y
v
s
i
v
ri
i
ng,
ol
ri
o tour
er
on
v
er
ti
m
o
on
i
ds
v
gs
ti
t
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r
s
em
ent
a
ak
aga
ng
pri
I
II
III
III
III
ons
ti
n
ol
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al
r
s
f
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v
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m
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r
dam
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es
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and
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m
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o
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and water
t
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and pr
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Im
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T
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F
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and per
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Ta
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f
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def
m
m
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pr
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c
o
m
0
6
9
2
4
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
3
1
2
6
7
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
1
01
02
03
04
05