MONGOLS, TURKS, AND OTHERS

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BRILL'S
INNER ASIAN LIBRARY
edited by
NICOLA DI COSMO
DEVIN DEWEESE
CAROLINE HUMPHREY
VOLUME 11

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MONGOLS, TURKS,
AND OTHERS
Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World
EDITED BY
REUVEN AMITAI AND MICHAL BIRAN
BRILL
LEIDEN * BOSTON
2005

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On the cover: Mongol horsemen in combat, from RashEd al-DEn's Jmi" al-tawrEkh, MS Supp.
Persan 1113, fol. 231v. (c) Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mongols, Turks, and others : Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world / edited by Reuven
Amitai and Michal Biran.
p. cm. -- (Brill's Inner Asian library ; vol. 11)
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 90-04-14096-4
1. Mongols--History. 2. Turkic peoples--History. 3. Eurasia--History. I. Title : Eurasian
nomads and the sedentary world. II. Amitai, Reuven. III. Biran, Michal. IV. Series.
DS19.M648 2004
950'.04942--dc22
2004054503
ISSN
1566-7162
ISBN
90 04 14096 4
(c) Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal
use is granted by Brill provided that
the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright
Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910
Danvers MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
printed in the netherlands

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This volume is dedicated to the memory of our teacher
David Ayalon
(1914 -1998 )

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CONTENTS
List of Maps
..............................................................................
xi
Preface ........................................................................................
xiii
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................
xv
Notes on Dates and Transliterations ........................................
xvii
List of Contributors ....................................................................
xix
Introduction ................................................................................
1
PART I
EARLY CONTACTS
Early Pastoral Societies of Northeast China: Local Change
and Interregional Interaction during c. 1100-600 BCE ........
15
Gideon Shelach
Beasts or Humans: Pre-Imperial Origins of the
"Sino-Barbarian" Dichotomy ....................................................
59
Yuri Pines
Early Eurasian Nomads and the Civilizations of the Ancient
Near East (Eighth-Seventh Centuries BCE) ............................
103
Askold I. Ivantchik
PART II
THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD
What Nomads Want: Raids, Invasions and the Liao
Conquest of 947 ........................................................................
129
Naomi Standen
True to Their Ways: Why the Qara Khitai Did Not
Convert to Islam ........................................................................
175
Michal Biran

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viii
contents
The Turks of the Eurasian Steppes in Medieval Arabic
Writing ........................................................................................
201
Yehoshua Frenkel
PART III
THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS
The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered ......................
245
Peter Jackson
The "Great Yasa of Chinggis Khan" Revisited ......................
291
David Morgan
A Reappraisal of Guyug Khan ................................................
309
Hodong Kim
War and Peace between the Yuan Dynasty and the
Chaghadaid Khanate (1312-1323) ............................................
339
Liu Yingsheng
The Resolution of the Mongol-Mamluk War
........................
359
Reuven Amitai
Mongols and Merchants on the Black Sea Frontier in the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Convergences and
Conflicts ......................................................................................
391
Nicola Di Cosmo
Nomad and Settled in the Timurid Military ..........................
425
Beatrice Forbes Manz
PART IV
INTO THE MODERN PERIOD
The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the
Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early
Twentieth Centuries) ..................................................................
461
Elizabeth Endicott

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contents
ix
Russia and the Eurasian Steppe Nomads: An Overview ......
483
Moshe Gammer
Contemporary Pastoralism in Central Asia
............................
503
Anatoly M. Khazanov and Kenneth H. Shapiro
Index
..........................................................................................
535

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Document Outline

• List of Maps
• Preface
• List of Abbreviations
• Notes on Dates and Transliterations
• List of Contributors
• Introduction
• PART I EARLY CONTACTS
  • Early Pastoral Societies of Northeast China: Local Change and Interregional Interaction during c. 1100600 BCE (Gideon Shelach)
  • Beasts or Humans: Pre-Imperial Origins of the ōSino-Barbarian Dichotomy (Yuri Pines)
  • Early Eurasian Nomads and the Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (Eighth-Seventh Centuries BCE) (Askold I. Ivantchik)
• PART II THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD
  • What Nomads Want: Raids, Invasions and the Liao Conquest of 947 (Naomi Standen)
  • True to Their Ways: Why the Qara Khitai Did Not Convert to Islam (Michal Biran)
  • The Turks of the Eurasian Steppes in Medieval Arabic Writing (Yehoshua Frenkel)
• PART III THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS
  • The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered (Peter Jackson)
  • The ΍Great Yasa of Chinggis Khan Revisited (David Morgan)
  • A Reappraisal of Gμyg Khan (Hodong Kim)
  • War and Peace between the Yuan Dynasty and the Chaghadaid Khanate (13121323) (Liu Yingsheng)
  • The Resolution of the Mongol-Mamluk War (Reuven Amitai)
  • Mongols and Merchants on the Black Sea Frontier in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Convergences and Conflicts (Nicola Di Cosmo)
  • Nomad and Settled in the Timurid Military (Beatrice Forbes Manz)
• PART IV INTO THE MODERN PERIOD
  • The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early Twentieth Centuries) (Elizabeth Endicott)
  • Russia and the Eurasian Steppe Nomads: An Overview (Moshe Gammer)
  • Contemporary Pastoralism in Central Asia (Anatoly M. Khazanov and Kenneth H. Shapiro)
• Index

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