GENDER ROLE INTERNALIZATION, MULTIPLE ROLES, AND CHINESE WOMEN'S MENTAL HEALTH
The influence of gender role internalization as a moderator in the relationship between women’s multiple roles andpsychological distress was investigated. Study 1 identified three components of gender role internalization, which were
labeled “Traditional Ideal Person,” “Self-Sacrifice,” and “Competence Without Complaint,” and found that it did not,
overlap with existing gender-typed measures among 128 female Chinese university students. The multidimensionali-
ty of gender role internalization was confirmed in Study 2 among a sample of 225 women in the paid Hong Kong work-
force. As expected, role quality was a better predictor of psychological distress than role quantity. Gender role inter-
nalization accounted for significant portions of explained variance even after taking role quality into account.
Internalization of Traditional Ideal Person and Competence Without Complaint messages exacerbated distress in cer-
tain areas when role quality was low. However, internalization of Self-Sacrifice messages mitigated distress for Chinese
women with low work quality.
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