Human Anatomy,

Human Anatomy, First Edition
McKinley & O'Loughlin
Chapter 1 Lecture Outline: A
First Look at Anatomy
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A First Look at Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of structure.
The word anatomy is derived from
Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut
open.”
Anatomists examine the relationships
among parts of the body along with the
structure of individual organs.
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Introduction to Anatomy
Physiology
The scientific discipline that studies the
function of body structures.
Structure and function cannot be
completely separated.
Form is related to function.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body
The simplest level of organization within
the body is the chemical level, which is
composed of atoms and molecules.
Atoms are the smallest units of matter.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body
Molecules
Two or more atoms combine to form a
molecule, such as a protein, a water
molecule, or a vitamin.
Macromolecules
Larger and more complex molecules such
as DNA and proteins.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body
At the cellular level, specialized
structural and functional units called
organelles permit all living cells to share
some common functions.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body
Large molecules join in specific ways to
form cells, the basic units of structure
and function in organisms.
The cell is the smallest structural unit that
exhibits the characteristics of living things
(organisms), and it is the smallest living
portion of the human body.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body
Tissues
Groups of similar cells with a common
function form tissue.
Tissues are precise organizations of similar
cells that perform specialized functions.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body
Organs
Different tissue types that work together to
perform specific, complex functions form
an organ.
Organ Systems
The organ system level consists of related
organs that work together to coordinate
activities and achieve a common function.
There are 11 organ systems in the human
body.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body
Organism
All body systems function interdependently
in a single living human being, the
organism.
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The Four Types of Tissues in
the Human Body Are:
Epithelial tissue covers exposed
surfaces and lines body cavities.
Example: The inner lining of the digestive
system
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The Four Types of Tissues
Connective tissue protects,
supports, and interconnects body
parts and organs.
Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such
as blood), or intermediate (such as
cartilage).
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The Four Types of Tissues
Muscle tissue produces movement.
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
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The Four Types of Tissues
Nervous tissue conducts impulses
for internal communication.
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Integumentary
Provides protection
Regulates body
temperature
Site of cutaneous
receptors
Synthesizes vitamin D
Prevents water loss
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Skeletal
Provides support
and protection
Site of hematopoeisis
(blood cell
production)
Stores calcium and
phosphorus
Allows for body
movement
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Muscular
Produces body
movement
Generates heat when
muscles contract
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Nervous
A regulatory system
that controls body
movement
Responds to sensory
stimuli
Helps control all
other systems of the
body
Also responsible for
consciousness,
intelligence, memory
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Endocrine
Consists of glands
and cell clusters that
secrete hormones,
some of which
regulate
body and cellular
growth
chemical levels in the
body
reproductive
functions
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Cardiovascular
Consists of a pump
(the heart) that
moves blood through
blood vessels in
order to distribute
hormones, nutrients,
gases, and pick up
waste products
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Lymphatic
Transports and
filters lymph
(interstitial fluid)
Initiates an immune
response when
necessary
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Respiratory
Responsible for
exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between
blood and the air in
the lungs
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Digestive
Mechanically and
chemically digests
food materials
Absorbs nutrients
Expels waste
products
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Urinary
Filters the blood and
removes waste
products from the
blood
Concentrates waste
products in the form
of urine, and expels
urine from the body
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Male
Reproductive
System
Produces male
sex cells
(sperm) and
male hormones
(e.g.,
testosterone)
Transfers sperm
to the female
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Female
Reproductive
System
Produces female sex cells
(oocytes) and female
hormones (e.g., estrogen
and progesterone)
Receives sperm from male
Site of fertilization of oocyte
Site of growth and
development of embryo and
fetus
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Anatomical
Terminology
Anatomic position is a
specific body position in
which an individual stands
upright with the feet
parallel and flat on the
floor.
The head is level, and the
eyes look forward toward
the observer.
The arms are at either side
of the body with the palms
facing forward and the
thumbs pointing away from
the body.
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Anatomical Terminology
A plane is an imaginary surface that
slices the body into specific sections.
The three major anatomic planes of
reference are the coronal, transverse,
and sagittal planes.
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Sections
and Planes
A coronal plane, also
called a frontal plane,
is a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.
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