Human Anatomy and Physiology II Laboratory

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Human Anatomy
and
Physiology II
Laboratory
The
Respiratory System
1
This lab involves two exercises in the lab manual entitled “Anatomy of the Respiratory
System” and "Respiratory System Physiology".
In this lab you will look at lung histology, gross anatomy, and physiology.
Complete the review sheets from the exercise and take the online quiz on
respiration, As an alternate your instructor may have you submit a drawing of lung
tissue from the Virtual Microsocpe or other histology site. Use the PhysioEX
software to measure an analyze respiratory volumes.
There is also a video showing cadaver dissection of the respiratory tract.
Click on the sound icon for the audio file (mp3 format) for each slide.
There is also a link to a dowloadable mp4 video which can be played on an iPod.
1

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Respiratory Tract
Upper
Nasal cavity
respiratory
division
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
1o Bronchi
Ribcage
(thoracic wall)
Pleurae
Respiratory tree
(Lower respiratory
division)
Diaphragm
2
The respiratory tract can be thought of as consisting of two parts: the upper
respiratory tract has the nasal cavity, and the pharynx; The lower
respiratory tract has the larynx and the respiratory tree from the trachea
through the various divisions of bronchi to the bronchioles. Essentially the
upper division is where the cilia beat down to move mucus down to the
throat to be swallowed, and the lower division is where cilia be up to move
mucus to the throat to be swallowed.
2

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Upper Respiratory Tract
3
See the Lab Manual for items you are responsible for in
the Upper Respiratory Tract.
3

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The Larynx
Anterior view
epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
4
Mispronunciation of the larynx is an anatomical pet peeve. It is pronounced
lair-inks, and consists of anumber of cartilages along with the ligaments
which connect them. The larynx is connected to the hyoid bone by the
thryrohyoid ligament. The thryroid cartilage is the largest and its anterior
prominence is the “Adam’s Apple”.
4

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Sagittal Section of the Larynx
Epiglottis
Arytenoid
Hyoid bone
cartilage
Pomum Adamii
Arytenoid muscles
(Adam’s Apple)
Thyroid cartilage
Vestibular folds
Cricoid cartilage
(false vocal cords)
Vocal folds (true
vocal cords)
Trachea
5
When you swallow the hyoid bone lifts up and this causes the cartilaginous
epiglottis to hinge backwards, guarding the opening into the glottis to
prevent aspiration. The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds,
which are the vocal cords. The vocal folds are guarded by the vestibular
folds. The arytenoid cartilage, controlled by arytenoid muscles, swivels
to regulate tension on the vocal folds in producing the pitch of the voice.
5

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Respiratory Tree
(Dissected Specimen)
Thyroid
cartilage
Cricoid
cartilage
Thyroid
gland
Primary
bronchi
6
A dissected cadaver specimen of the larynx with its attachment to the
respiratory tree.
6

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Larynx, anterior view
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
7
The many small muscles found attached to the larynx have been removed
from this specimen, along with the thyroid gland.
7

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Larynx, posterior view
Epiglottis
hyoid bone
Aryepiglottic
Superior horn of
fold and
thyroid cartilage
muscle
Piriform recess
Arytenoid
muscles
Cricoarytenoid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Membraneous
part of trachea
8
The epiglottis is not a separate “leaf-like” structure as it is often pictured, but
rather is attached to the aryepiglottic fold to form more of a trumpet shape.
8

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Larynx, sagittal section
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Vestibular fold ventricle
Arytenoid
Vocal fold
muscle
Vocalis muscle
Cricoid
Cricoid cartilage
cartilage
Trachea
9
Cadaver larynx in sagittal section.
9

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Glottis, superior view
epiglottis
Vestibular fold
Glottis
Vocal fold
Aryepiglottic fold
Interarytenoid
notch
10
A view of the glottis from above. When sound is produced the vocal folds
tighten and loosen to produce different pitches, controlled by the arytenoid
cartilages and arytenoid muscles.
10

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