International Journal of Engineering (IJE)

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ENGINEERING (IJE)







VOLUME 6, ISSUE 1 2012

EDITED BY
DR. NABEEL TAHIR








ISSN (Online): 1985-2312
International Journal of Engineering is published both in traditional paper form and in Internet.
This journal is published at the website http://www.cscjournals.org, maintained by Computer
Science Journals (CSC Journals), Malaysia.


IJE Journal is a part of CSC Publishers
Computer Science Journals
http://www.cscjournals.org

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING (IJE)

Book: Volume 6, Issue 1, February 2012
Publishing Date: 21-02-2012
ISSN (Online): 1985-2312

This work is subjected to copyright. All rights are reserved whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting,
re-use of illusions, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication of parts
thereof is permitted only under the provision of the copyright law 1965, in its
current version, and permission of use must always be obtained from CSC
Publishers.



IJE Journal is a part of CSC Publishers
http://www.cscjournals.org

(c) IJE Journal
Published in Malaysia

Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversation by CSC Publishing Services - CSC Journals,
Malaysia



CSC Publishers, 2012

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EDITORIAL PREFACE

This is the first issue of volume six of International Journal of Engineering (IJE). The Journal is
published bi-monthly, with papers being peer reviewed to high international standards. The
International Journal of Engineering is not limited to a specific aspect of engineering but it is
devoted to the publication of high quality papers on all division of engineering in general. IJE
intends to disseminate knowledge in the various disciplines of the engineering field from
theoretical, practical and analytical research to physical implications and theoretical or
quantitative discussion intended for academic and industrial progress. In order to position IJE as
one of the good journal on engineering sciences, a group of highly valuable scholars are serving
on the editorial board. The International Editorial Board ensures that significant developments in
engineering from around the world are reflected in the Journal. Some important topics covers by
journal are nuclear engineering, mechanical engineering, computer engineering, electrical
engineering, civil & structural engineering etc.

The initial efforts helped to shape the editorial policy and to sharpen the focus of the journal.
Starting with volume 6, 2012, IJE appears in more focused issues. Besides normal publications,
IJE intend to organized special issues on more focused topics. Each special issue will have a
designated editor (editors) - either member of the editorial board or another recognized specialist
in the respective field.

The coverage of the journal includes all new theoretical and experimental findings in the fields of
engineering which enhance the knowledge of scientist, industrials, researchers and all those
persons who are coupled with engineering field. IJE objective is to publish articles that are not
only technically proficient but also contains information and ideas of fresh interest for International
readership. IJE aims to handle submissions courteously and promptly. IJE objectives are to
promote and extend the use of all methods in the principal disciplines of Engineering.

IJE editors understand that how much it is important for authors and researchers to have their
work published with a minimum delay after submission of their papers. They also strongly believe
that the direct communication between the editors and authors are important for the welfare,
quality and wellbeing of the Journal and its readers. Therefore, all activities from paper
submission to paper publication are controlled through electronic systems that include electronic
submission, editorial panel and review system that ensures rapid decision with least delays in the
publication processes.

To build its international reputation, we are disseminating the publication information through
Google Books, Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open J Gate,
ScientificCommons, Docstoc and many more. Our International Editors are working on
establishing ISI listing and a good impact factor for IJE. We would like to remind you that the
success of our journal depends directly on the number of quality articles submitted for review.
Accordingly, we would like to request your participation by submitting quality manuscripts for
review and encouraging your colleagues to submit quality manuscripts for review. One of the
great benefits we can provide to our prospective authors is the mentoring nature of our review
process. IJE provides authors with high quality, helpful reviews that are shaped to assist authors
in improving their manuscripts.


Editorial Board Members
International Journal of Engineering (IJE)

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-Chief (EiC)

Dr. Kouroush Jenab
Ryerson University (Canada)


ASSOCIATE EDITORS (AEiCs)


Professor. Ernest Baafi
University of Wollongong
Australia


Dr. Tarek M. Sobh
University of Bridgeport
United States of America


Professor. Ziad Saghir
Ryerson University
Canada


Professor. Ridha Gharbi
Kuwait University
Kuwait

Professor. Mojtaba Azhari
Isfahan University of Technology
Iran


Dr. Cheng-Xian (Charlie) Lin
University of Tennessee
United States of America




EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS (EBMs)


Dr. Dhanapal Durai Dominic P
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Malaysia


Professor. Jing Zhang
University of Alaska Fairbanks
United States of America


Dr. Tao Chen
Nanyang Technological University
Singapore

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Dr. Oscar Hui
University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong


Professor. Sasikumaran Sreedharan
King Khalid University
Saudi Arabia

Assistant Professor. Javad Nematian
University of Tabriz Iran


Dr. Bonny Banerjee
Senior Scientist at Audigence
United States of America


AssociateProfessor. Khalifa Saif Al-Jabri
Sultan Qaboos University
Oman

Dr. Alireza Bahadori
Curtin University
Australia

Dr Guoxiang Liu
University of North Dakota
United States of America

Dr Rosli
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia

Professor Dr. Pukhraj Vaya
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
India

Associate Professor Aidy Ali
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Malaysia

Professor Dr Mazlina Esa
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Malaysia

Dr Xing-Gang Yan
University of Kent
United Kingdom

Associate Professor Mohd Amri Lajis
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Malaysia

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TABLE OF CONTENTS




Volume 6, Issue 1, February 2012



Pages
1 - 9
On Text Realization Image Steganography
Mohammed Nasser Hussein Al-Turfi

10- 24
Design of a Process Plant for the Production of Poundo Yam
Ayodeji Sesan Peter, Olabanji Olayinka Mohammed, Adeyeri Michael Kani

25 - 41
Design Novel Lookup Table Changed Auto Tuning FSMC: Applied to Robot Manipulator

Farzin Piltan, Mohammad Ali Dialame, Abbas Zare, Ali Badri


42 - 52
Heat Transfer in Porous Media With Slurry of Phase Change Materials

Manali Shukla, Fatemeh Hassanipour

53 - 69
A Study on the Effects of Tyre Vibration to the Noise in Passenger Car Cabin

Ahmad Kadri Junoh, Zulkifli Mohd Nopiah, Abdull Halim Abdul, Mohd. Jailani Mohd Nor,
Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Mohd. Ihsan, Mohammad Hosseini Fouladi










International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6), Issue (1) : 2012

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Dr. Mohammed Nasser Hussain Al-Turfi
Text Realization Image Steganography


Dr. Mohammed Nasser Hussein Al-Turfi
mohammed_alturfi@yahoo.com
Department of Computer and Software Engineering
Al-Mustansiriyah University
Baghdad-Iraq
Abstract

In this paper the steganography strategy is going to be implemented but in a different way
from a different scope since the important data will neither be hidden in an image nor
transferred through the communication channel inside an image, but on the contrary, a well
known image will be used exists on both sides of the channel and a text message contains
important data will be transmitted. With the suitable operations, we can re-mix and re-make
the source image.

MATLAB7 is the program where the algorithm implemented on it, where the algorithm shows
high ability for achieving the task to different type and size of images. Perfect reconstruction
was achieved on the receiving side. But the most interesting is that the algorithm that deals
with secured image transmission transmits no images at all.

Key Words: Steganography, Text Stream, Secured Data


1. INTRODUCTION
The art of hiding information inside an image is called image steganography, where the ability
of hiding information inside this image without noticeable distortion depends on the hiding
algorithm and this decides the degree of successfulness [1]. The degree of successfulness
may be specified by the amount of security and hardness that must be paid to extract features
and important data. [9]

Steganography is a Greek word of two syllables, "stego" means "cover" while "grafia" means
"writing" define it's a "cover writing" [10], therefore text file is the first impression about the
meaning of the word. Hiding data in a text file is more difficult than hiding data in an image
because it might change the text meaning or format or both [11]. Therefore two ways where
followed either by not changing text meaning or by creating a rubbished, un-understandable,
symbolic file keeping the file format. [12,14]

Early works depends upon using the Least Significant Bits (LSB) of the cover image for
implementing data hiding since its effect is the minimum and the size effect is equi-probabile
to other bits. Then certain operations are implemented on the source data in order to increase
the rate of securing the data and then to be inserted inside the cover image and mostly in the
LSB since the distortion rate will rise if the data inserted inside other bits. [2, 3]

DSP and convolutional techniques are used now a day for implementing image
steganography to increase the rate of security and to reduce the rate of distortion but of
course all these complications consume time, efforts, and processing powers. [2, 4]

Using some special functions that randomize the way of choosing the position was one of the
alternatives where the processed data will be stored in. This will enlarge the plain of
searching inside the cover image and reduces the rate of distortion since there is no linearity
in the process especially if the image is RGB because at least this will triple the efforts. [3][5]

Some use the pixel-value differences in their researches inorder to increase the amount of
embedded information where an Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) is used to
enhance the stego-image quality. The confidential information can be extracted from the
stego-image without the assistance of the original image [4].

International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (1) : 2012 1

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Dr. Mohammed Nasser Hussain Al-Turfi
Others search for certain places inside the image like a 2*2 block of pixels with high contrast
where message bits can be embedded into these blocks. Mathematical functions like MOD-4
and a coding key is used to increase the amount of embedded data while maintaining the
data fidelity and the process is as easy as possible since the process applied in the data
hiding phase is the same as the one in the data extraction phase[10].

Some researches didn't apply the process from the computer point of view but from the
communication point of view by applying Spread Spectrum Image Steganography (SSIS).
SSIS conceals a message of substantial length with in digital imagery while maintaining the
original image size and dynamic range. The hidden message can be recovered using the
appropriate keys without any knowledge of the original image [13].

In this paper a new algorithm is proposed, the algorithm chooses the best cover image size
exists on the system data base that matches the size of the source image. The difference
between the cover and the source image is evaluated and transformed to text, then the text
will be transferred as a text message, an E-Mail, or even as an SMS where this make the
change as small as possible, hence reduce the need for a sophisticated channel and is more
secured since the source image is not transferred at any way.

2. IMAGE VERSES TEXT
One of the most important principles that must be obeyed in image steganography is that the
cover image must be larger in size than the source image so that we can hide the small inside
the large where the larger cover the best secured data transmission and less distortion but
this will be in need for larger, faster, and more powerful channel which means more cost and
complex electronic circuitry, this will be insistence if the used images are colored. [4, 6]

Images may fall in different types depending upon their extensions, but in general they
contains pixels, their representation starts from 8-bits of brightness in Black & White images
(Gray Scale) where the brightness level may reaches up to 32-bits especially in true color
image applications like Photoshop's and rendering (as in 3-D Max).[5]

Texts are quite different, they may fall in different type of files but the text itself inside these
files is the same since the way of implementation (writing) is the same where here the ASCII
code is the bible book and the representation is fixed given by 7-bits only and the variety is
given by different re-arrangements but not by different types. [6, 7]

The important property that exists on text but not in images is that texts need no operational
function for decoding while for images, there must be an operational de-coding and de-
compression function depending upon the image extension "jpeg, tiff, gif, ...etc" and the way
of de-compression and operation "played with fox viewer or on media player, ...etc" where
this means that dealing with text is much easier than dealing with images. [6, 7]

In this paper we are going to use text to represent the difference between the source image
and a pre-notified image stored and indexed in the system data-base exists on both sides of
the channel where no noise will affect the images. The important useful data is delivered in
different type and may be in different way " for example if the application is not urgent or
channels are occupied or not secured then the difference may be sent in a message written
;where different types of watermarking and letter security algorithms may be applied; through
the post office or by the person himself". [8]

3. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
One of the most important features of the proposed algorithm in this paper is that the cover
image may be equal in size to the source image where data security and the hardness for
extracting the important data maintained. Second, the algorithm doesn't transmit any image at
all which is very important feature because the image stands for millions of words and any
intrusion or system breaking may cause security alert.

Third, the easiness that stand for transporting the vital data from one end to the other by
transmitting through the secured channel, or by mobile equipments like cellular mobiles or
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (1) : 2012 2

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Dr. Mohammed Nasser Hussain Al-Turfi
PDA's as an SMS, or by letters either written and entered by hands or written and entered
using OCR's.

Perfect reconstruction that appears at the receiving ends which is the fourth important
property, since the system can stand strong and fight noise well in an easy ways and not in
need for sophisticated equipments which rises the overall system cost.

4. ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION
The proposed algorithm may fall into two parts: - Forward (where the process applied at the
transmitting end. The difference between source and cover image is generated), and
Backward (Re-arrange the received text to extract the source image from the received text).

4.1 Forward Phase
The system must pass through the following steps to achieve data hiding where fig(1) shows
the flow chart of the process explained as given:-

a)
Image Comparative: - The cover image must be selected from the system data-base of
images in such a way that the selected one must be as near as possible to the size of
the source image so that we can maintain the channel resources. An important note
must be taken in consideration is that it's not necessary they have the same extension
or properties since both images are going to be changed to matrices but it's preferred
that they are from the same color type (Both are RGB or Black & White).
b)
Image Transforming: - In this step the algorithm will read the image using
imread(name) function and transform each image into a matrix and each matrix into a
vector where both vectors must be unified in length by adding zeros to the shorter one.
c)
Difference Evaluation: -This step is performed by the ordinary mathematical
subtraction. The difference is stored in a difference vector; its length equal to the larger
one. An important tag is added for each operation performed which is very necessary
at the receiving end to hold perfect reconstruction. If the operation output is positive
then the tag of the operation is (0) and (1) if the output is negative.
d)
Bit Traverse: - This part of the system is responsible for transforming the difference
vector (which consists of 8-bits of brightness) from decimal to binary values in order to
prepare these values to be changed into letters or texts (consists of 7-bits ASCII code).
e)
Re-arranging: - This part of the algorithm is responsible for text generation where the
system will begin to take seven bits at a time and transfer them into a letter (because
the image pixels are represented in 8-bits) by applying the char(number) function. For
example char (65) is "A" while char (97) is "a".
f)
File Creation:- The file to be transferred is created and arranged as the following:-
1-
The file is created for an open and append operations while the extension of the text
file must be chosen (for example "txt", "doc" ...etc).
2-
The first part of contents of the file up to the first coma (,) represents the cover image
index number (for example "173," this means the used cover image is numbered 173).
3-
From the first to the second coma the data represents the image size (for example the
image dimensions are 80*60*3).
4-
From the second to the third coma the stream of (0's) and (1's) represents the status of
the output of the subtraction operations where the number of bits in this stream is equal
to the number of subtractions and is equal to the multiplication of the image dimensions
(80*60*3=14400).
5-
From the third coma to the EOF (End Of File) the text represents the difference
between the pixels of the source and the cover images which is transformed to text.

At this point we can notify two things; the first is that the source image is not exchanged
between the ends in any way or any how because the algorithm can extract the source image
using the text file only and depending on the index value given which represents the cover
image index. Second is that the text file and the source image are nearly of the same size
which means no extra size is needed for the cover image as in the traditional steganography.

4.2 Backward Phase
At the receiving end the algorithm is in need for a text message contains the difference
between the source and the cover images as a text, no matter how the letter is received
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (1) : 2012 3

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