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Introduction To Statistical Quality Control, 5 th edition Douglas C. Montgomery Arizona State University  Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 …
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  1. Introduction To Statistical Quality Control, 5 th edition Douglas C. Montgomery Arizona State University
  2.  
  3. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  4. Learning Objectives Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  5. 1-1 Definitions and Meaning of Quality
    • 1-1.1 The Eight Dimensions of Quality
    • Performance
    • Reliability
    • Durability
    • Serviceability
    • Aesthetics
    • Features
    • Perceived Quality
    • Conformance to Standards
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  6. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    • This is a traditional definition
    • Quality of design
    • Quality of conformance
  7. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This is a modern definition of quality
  8. The Transmission Example Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  9. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    • The transmission example illustrates the utility of this definition
    • An equivalent definition is that quality improvement is the elimination of waste . This is useful in service or transactional businesses.
  10. 1-1.2 Terminology Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  11. Terminology cont’d
    • Specifications
      • Lower specification limit
      • Upper specification limit
      • Target or nominal values
    • Defective or nonconforming product
    • Defect or nonconformity
    • Not all products containing a defect are necessarily defective
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  12. 1-2. History of Quality Improvement Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  13. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  14. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  15. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  16. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  17. Statistical Methods
    • Statistical process control (SPC)
      • Control charts, plus other problem-solving tools
      • Useful in monitoring processes, reducing variability through elimination of assignable causes
      • On-line technique
    • Designed experiments (DOX)
      • Discovering the key factors that influence process performance
      • Process optimization
      • Off-line technique
    • Acceptance Sampling
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  18. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    • Walter A. Shewart (1891-1967)
    • Trained in engineering and physics
    • Long career at Bell Labs
    • Developed the first control chart about 1924
  19. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A factorial experiment with three factors
  20. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    • Effective management of quality requires the execution of three activities:
    • Quality Planning
    • Quality Assurance
    • Quality Control and Improvement
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  22. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  23. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  24. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  25. 1-4.1 Quality Philosophies and Management Strategies
    • W. Edwards Deming
    • Taught engineering, physics in the 1920s, finished PhD in 1928
    • Met Walter Shewhart at Western Electric
    • Long career in government statistics, USDA, Bureau of the Census
    • During WWII, he worked with US defense contractors, deploying statistical methods
    • Sent to Japan after WWII to work on the census
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  26. Deming
    • Deming was asked by JUSE to lecture on statistical quality control to management
    • Japanese adopted many aspects of Deming’s management philosophy
    • Deming stressed “continual never-ending improvement”
    • Deming lectured widely in North America during the 1980s; he died 24 December 1993
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  27. Deming’s 14 Points
    • 1. Create constancy of purpose toward improvement
    • 2. Adopt a new philosophy, recognize that we are in a time of change, a new economic age
    • 3. Cease reliance on mass inspection to improve quality
    • 4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price alone
    • 5. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service
    • 6. Institute training
    • 7. Improve leadership, recognize that the aim of supervision is help people and equipment to do a better job
    • 8. Drive out fear
    • 9. Break down barriers between departments
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  28. 14 Points cont’d
    • 10. Eliminate slogans and targets for the workforce such as zero defects
    • 11. Eliminate work standards
    • 12. Remove barriers that rob workers of the right to pride in the quality of their work
    • 13. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement
    • 14. Put everyone to work to accomplish the transformation
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Note that the 14 points are about change
  29. Deming’s Deadly Diseases
    • Lack of constancy of purpose
    • Emphasis on short-term profits
    • Performance evaluation, merit rating, annual reviews
    • Mobility of management
    • Running a company on visible figures alone
    • Excessive medical costs for employee health care
    • Excessive costs of warrantees
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  30. Joseph M. Juran
    • Born in Romania (1904), immigrated to the US
    • Worked at Western Electric, influenced by Walter Shewhart
    • Emphasizes a more strategic and planning oriented approach to quality than does Deming
    • Juran Institute is still an active organization promoting the Juran philosophy and quality improvement practices
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  31. The Juran Trilogy
    • Planning
    • Control
    • Improvement
    • These three processes are interrelated
    • Control versus breakthrough
    • Project-by-project improvement
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  32. Some of the Other “Gurus”
    • Kaoru Ishikawa
      • Son of the founder of JUSE, promoted widespread use of basic tools
    • Armand Feigenbaum
      • Author of Total Quality Control, promoted overall organizational involvement in quality,
      • Three-step approach emphasized quality leadership, quality technology, and organizational commitment
    • Lesser gods, false prophets
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  33. Total Quality Management (TQM)
    • Started in the early 1980s, Deming/Juran philosophy as the focal point
    • Emphasis on widespread training, quality awareness
    • Training often turned over to HR function
    • Not enough emphasis on quality control and improvement tools, poor follow-through, no project-by-project implementation strategy
    • TQM was largely unsuccessful
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  34. Total Quality Management (TQM)
    • TQM is “just another program”
    • Value engineering
    • Zero defects
    • “ Quality is free”
    • Recipe for Ineffectiveness and maybe Disaster
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  35. Quality Systems and Standards Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  36. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    • The ISO certification process focuses heavily on quality assurance, without sufficient weight given to quality planning and quality control and improvement
  37. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  38. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    • The MBNQA process is a valuable assessment tool
    • See Table 1-3 for Performance Excellence Criteria and point values
  39. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  40. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  41. Six Sigma
    • Use of statistics & other analytical tools has grown steadily for over 80 years
      • Statistical quality control (origins in 1920, explosive growth during WW II, 1950s)
      • Operations research (1940s)
      • FDA, EPA in the 1970’s
      • TQM (Total Quality Management) movement in the 1980’s
      • Reengineering of business processes (late 1980’s)
      • Six-Sigma (origins at Motorola in 1987, expanded impact during 1990s to present)
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  42. Focus of Six Sigma is on Process Improvement with an Emphasis on Achieving Significant Business Impact
    • A process is an organized sequence of activities that produces an output that adds value to the organization
    • All work is performed in (interconnected) processes
      • Easy to see in some situations (manufacturing)
      • Harder in others
    • Any process can be improved
    • An organized approach to improvement is necessary
    • The process focus is essential to Six Sigma
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  43. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  44. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Why “Quality Improvement” is Important: A Simple Example
    • A visit to a fast-food store: Hamburger (bun, meat, special sauce, cheese, pickle, onion, lettuce, tomato), fries, and drink.
    • This product has 10 components - is 99% good okay?
  45. Six Sigma Focus
    • Initially in manufacturing
    • Commercial applications
      • Banking
      • Finance
      • Public sector
      • Services
    • DFSS – Design for Six Sigma
      • Only so much improvement can be wrung out of an existing system
      • New process design
      • New product design (engineering)
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  46. Some Commercial Applications
    • Reducing average and variation of days outstanding on accounts receivable
    • Managing costs of consultants (public accountants, lawyers)
    • Skip tracing
    • Credit scoring
    • Closing the books (faster, less variation)
    • Audit accuracy, account reconciliation
    • Forecasting
    • Inventory management
    • Tax filing
    • Payroll accuracy
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  47. Six Sigma
    • A disciplined and analytical approach to process and product improvement
    • Specialized roles for people; Champions, Master Black belts, Black Belts, Green Belts
    • Top-down driven (Champions from each business)
    • BBs and MBBs have responsibility (project definition, leadership, training/mentoring, team facilitation)
    • Involves a five-step process (DMAIC) :
      • Define
      • Measure
      • Analyze
      • Improve
      • Control
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  48. What Makes it Work?
    • Successful implementations characterized by:
      • Committed leadership
      • Use of top talent
      • Supporting infrastructure
        • Formal project selection process
        • Formal project review process
        • Dedicated resources
        • Financial system integration
    • Project-by-project improvement strategy (borrowed from Juran)
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  49. The Process Improvement Triad: DFSS, Lean, and DMAIC Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. OVERALL PROGRAMS LEAN Variation Reduction
    • Predictability
    • Feasibility
    • Efficiency
    • Capability
    • Accuracy
    • Flow Mapping
    • Waste Elimination
    • Cycle Time
    • WIP Reduction
    • Operations and Design
    Lean Lead-time Capable DMAIC ELIMINATE WASTE, IMPROVE CYCLE TIME DESIGN PREDICTIVE QUALITY INTO PRODUCTS ELIMINATE DEFECTS, REDUCE VARIABILITY DFSS Robust
    • Requirements allocation
    • Capability assessment
    • Robust Design
    • Predictable Product Quality
    Design for Six Sigma The “I” in DMAIC may become DFSS
  50. DFSS Matches Customer Needs with Capability
    • Mean and variability affects product performance and cost
      • Designers can predict costs and yields in the design phase
    • Consider mean and variability in the design phase
      • Establish top level mean, variability and failure rate targets for a design
      • Rationally allocate mean, variability, and failure rate targets to subsystem and component levels
      • Match requirements against process capability and identify gaps
      • Close gaps to optimize a producible design
      • Identify variability drivers and optimize designs or make designs robust to variability
    • Process capability impact design decisions
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. DFSS enhances product design methods.
  51. Lean Focuses on Waste Elimination
    • Definition
    • A set of methods and tools used to eliminate waste in a process
    • Lean helps identify anything not absolutely required to deliver a quality product on time.
    • Benefits of using Lean
    • Lean methods help reduce inventory, lead time, and cost
    • Lean methods increase productivity, quality, on time delivery, capacity, and sales
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  52. DMAIC Solves Problems by Using Six Sigma Tools
    • DMAIC is a problem solving methodology
    • Use this method to solve problems:
      • Define problems in processes
      • Measure performance
      • Analyze causes of problems
      • Improve processes ? remove variations and nonvalue-added activities
      • Control processes so problems do not recur
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11
  53. Six Sigma
    • DMAIC is closely related to the Shewhart cycle (variously called the Deming cycle, or the PDCA cycle)
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  54. Quality Costs Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  55. Legal Aspects of Quality
    • Product liability exposure
    • Concept of strict liability
      • Responsibility of both manufacturer and seller/distributor
      • Advertising must be supported by valid data
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  56. Implementing Quality Improvement Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    • A strategic management process, focused along the eight dimension of quality
    • Suppliers and supply chain management must be involved
    • Must focus on all three components: Quality Planning, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control and Improvement
  57. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  58. Learning Objectives Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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