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Leading Causes of Mortality and Morbidity in Utah

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Leading Causes of Mortality and Morbidity in Utah
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  1. Utah Health Status Update: Leading Causes of Mortality and Morbidity in Utah October 2010 With the constant pull of our attention to the Leading Causes of Death urgent problems posed by disease outbreaks, it Figure 1. Death rates from the leading causes of death, Utah, 2008 is important periodically to focus attention on Diseases 102.4 the most serious sources of death, disease, and of the Heart Malignant disability affecting the community. The list of the Neoplasms 89.9 leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Utah Unintentional 30.2 Injuries contains few surprises for health practitioners Cerebrovascular and public health officials, but always reveals Disease 26.8 opportunities for significant improvement in Chronic Lower 23.1 Respiratory Diseases population health. Prevention of the chronic Diabetes 17.0 diseases and injuries that are the “big killers” in Mellitus Alzheimer's Utah also helps to control health care costs. Disease 14.7 Intentional Self- Figure 1 shows the leading causes of death in harm (Suicide) 13.9 Utah for 2008. Diseases of the heart top the list, Influenza and 12.4 Pneumonia as they have throughout the decade. Malignant Nephritis, Nephrotic neoplasms were the second leading cause of Syn., Nephrosis 7.7 death, and together the three chronic diseases— 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 heart disease, cancer, and stroke—accounted for Deaths per 100,000 Population more than half of all mortality. Unintentional Source: Utah Death Certificate Database injury, the fifth leading cause of death in 2000 is now the third leading cause of death, Leading Causes of Hospitalizations reflecting the current epidemic of deaths due to Figure 2. Hospitalization rates for the leading causes of hospitalization prescription drug overdoses. Premature deaths according to CCS code condition categories, Utah, 2008 due to most of these leading causes are strongly Heart Conditions 59.8 related to lifestyle factors such as tobacco use, (96, 97, 100-108) Mental obesity, substance abuse and inactivity. Disorders (65-75) 47.9 Injuries 46.1 Figure 2 displays the ten leading causes of (225-236, 239-244) Utah hospitalizations using the Clinical Osteoarthritis and Joint Disorders (201-204) 33.1 Cancer (11-45) 26.7 • Together, the top three chronic Complications of Surgery/Device (237-238) 25.3 diseases, heart disease, cancer, and Influenza and 22.5 stroke, accounted for more than half Pneumonia (122-123) of all mortality in 2008. Back Problems (205) 15.5 • Five of the ten leading causes of Septicemia (2) 14.5 mortality, heart disease, injuries, Cerebrovascular 11.7 influenza and pneumonia, malignant Disease (109-113) neoplasms, and cerebrovascular 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Hospitalizations per 10,000 disease, were among the leading causes of serious morbidity in Utah. Source: Utah Hospital Discharge Database • Injuries, heart conditions, mental Classifications Software (CCS). Developed at the Agency for Healthcare disorders, and back problems were Research and Quality (AHRQ), CCS clusters patient diagnoses and leading causes of both hospitalizations procedures into clinically meaningful categories. According to this and emergency encounters. measure of morbidity, five of the ten leading causes of mortality—heart • Heart conditions, injuries, and disease, injuries, influenza and pneumonia, malignant neoplasms, arthritis were the leading cost drivers. and cerebrovascular disease—were among the leading causes of
  2. serious morbidity in Utah. The fact that Leading Causes of ED Outpatient Encounters heart conditions were the leading cause of Figure 3. Emergency department (ED) outpatient encounter rates for the hospitalizations supports the validity of heart leading causes of ED outpatient encounters according to CCS code condition disease as the leading underlying cause of categories, Utah, 2008 death, rather than a more general mode of Injuries 655.5 (225-236, 239-244) dying, a criticism sometimes made of mortality Symptoms* (245-252) cause statistics based on death certificates. The 236.7 remaining leading causes of hospitalization, Acute Bronchitis and Upper Resp. Inf (125, 126) 121.8 such as mental disorders and osteoarthritis, Heart Conditions 109.5 appeared to reflect the large number of (96, 97, 100-108) Mental Disorders hospitalizations in Utah for certain morbid (65-75) 83.8 but not lethal conditions. Headache/ 76.9 Migraine (84) Figure 3 uses the CCS classifications to Skin Disorders (197-200) 73.8 summarize the leading causes of Utah hospital Back 56.9 emergency encounters involving treatment Problems (205) Other Gastrointestinal and release of patients for 2008. Injuries Disorders (153-155) 56.8 stand out as the source in 43% of encounters. Urinary Tract 54.2 Infections (159) Along with injuries, heart conditions, mental 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 disorders, and back problems were leading Visits per 10,000 causes of both hospitalizations and emergency * Symptoms include various conditions of unknown origin: abdominal pain, nausea, fever, allergic reactions, syn- outpatient encounters, so chronic conditions cope, etc. figure importantly in this measure of Utah Source: Utah Emergency Department Encounter Database morbidity as well. Hospitalization Counts and Charges In an attempt to understand how the leading Figure 4. Total number of hospitalizations and summed charges of causes of mortality and serious morbidity hospitalizations and emergency outpatient encounters according to CCS code relate to the cost of health care, Figure 4 condition categories, Utah, 2008 plots the frequency of hospitalization for Heart Conditions (96, 97, 100-108) Complications of Surgery/Device (237-238) leading causes against summed emergency Mental Disorders (65-75) Influenza and Pneumonia (122-123) Injuries (225-236, 239-244) Back Problems (205) encounter and hospital charges for the same Osteoarthritis and Joint Disorders (201-204) Septicemia (2) classifications. Points located towards the top Cancer (11-45) Cerebrovascular Disease (109-113) right quadrant of the graph reflect conditions 18,000 that affect large numbers of Utahns and involve 16,000 Number of Hospitalizations the greatest health care expense (as measured 14,000 by reported charges). So, heart conditions, 12,000 which were the leading cause of death and 10,000 hospitalization, are also the leading cost 8,000 drivers in this analysis. Mental disorders are 6,000 a relatively larger cause of morbidity than of 4,000 health care charges. Overall, the plot shows a very high correlation of costs and numbers of 2,000 people affected by a given cause. 0 $- $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 Note that this analysis is limited by the available Total Charges ($ Millions) data resources on mortality, morbidity and health Source: Utah Hospital Discharge Database care costs: vital statistics, hospital and emergency billing data sets. Health surveys conducted by public health support the important contribution of chronic diseases to morbidity and mortality in October 2010 Utah Health Status Update Utah. As reports from Utah’s All Payer Database For additional information about this topic, contact the Office on cost and utilization for pharmacy and of Public Health Assessment, Utah Department of Health, Box outpatient care become available, a more refined, 142101, Salt Lake City, UT 84114-2101, (801) 538-9191, email: and possibly different picture, of morbidity, chdata@utah.gov mortality and health care costs may emerge.
  3. Spotlights for September 2010 Breaking News, September 2010 Recent Outbreaks in Utah Associated With Raw Milk Consumption In 2007, the Utah Dairy Act was amended to authorize dairies to sell raw milk at an off-site retail store owned and operated by the dairy. A requirement was included in the legislation for the Utah Department of Health (UDOH) and the Utah Department of Agriculture and Food (UDAF) to report on illness associated with raw milk consumption. Four outbreaks of illness have been associated with raw milk dairies since that time. This spring, UDOH received reports of 10 Salmonella Newport cases who reported consuming unpasteurized milk from store A or store B; both stores are supplied by dairy B in Central Utah. DNA finger-printing by PFGE (Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis) identified bacteria in frozen, unpasteurized milk samples from batches of milk sold during the outbreak that matched the bacteria that caused the outbreak. In response to these outbreaks, a raw milk symposium was held in July with local health departments, UDAF and UDOH to discuss investigation methods, enforcement jurisdiction, and strategies to prevent illness. Methods to improve inter-agency communication were identified, recommendations to improve product labeling were made, and new questions about raw milk handling were incorporated into standard case report questionnaires. In addition, UDAF and UDOH are continuing discussions on the use of epidemiologic data, in addition to routine test data, for initiation and continuation of suspensions of raw milk sales. Additional information about the recent Salmonella outbreak due to raw milk in Utah can be found here: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5926a6.htm. Community Health Indicators Spotlight, September 2010 Texting and Talking on a Cell Phone While Driving Among Utah Adults and Teens While it is generally accepted that texting while driving is considerably more dangerous than talking on a cell phone, among high school drivers, these behaviors were equally common across grade levels.1 Moreover, the percentage of drivers who text (27.4% to 75.0%) and talk on a cell phone (21.9% to 73.3%) while driving increased with each grade level. Among adult drivers of every age group, the per- Cell Phone Talking and Texting While Driving, Utah, 2009 centage of those who text while driving (24.5% overall) was significantly lower than the percentage 100% Talk of those who talk on a cell phone (73.6% overall) 90% Text while driving.2 Among adults, no statistically sig- 80% nificant changes in the percentage of texters were found after Utah’s texting law took effect, despite 70% Percentage of Drivers the law being widely touted as the nation’s tough- 60% est.3 In fact, for 18–34 year-olds, 43.6% of drivers 50% surveyed after the law changed said they texted while driving, whereas 36.1% of drivers in this 40% age group self-identified as texters before the law 30% took effect. 20% The majority of young adults, grades 11, 12, and 10% ages 18–24, talk and text daily. This emergent pub- lic health issue demands the attention and sincere 0% 9 10 11 12 18-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 65+ efforts of those in a position to effect change. Grade Age Group 1 Utah Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 2009. 2 Utah Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2009 3 The student survey was completed before the law’s effective date.
  4. Monthly Health Indicators Report (Data Through August 2010) Change § Year Ago Change § Previous Previous # Expected Cases Current From 1 Month Month Month # Expected YTD 1 Year Morbidity Ratio From Current Month Current Month Program Enrollment for the Month of YTD Standard (5-yr average) (5-yr average) Ago # Cases YTD August 2010 % % (obs/exp) Medicaid 225,703 222,380 +1.5% 198,188 +13.9% # Cases Monthly Report of Notifiable PCN (Primary Care Network) 14,620 15,293 -4.4% 21,673 -32.5% Diseases, August 2010 CHIP (Children’s Health Ins. Plan) 40,975 40,867 +0.3% 40,219 +1.9% Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter) 32 38 293 233 1.3 Annual Visits Annual Charges Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) 13 23 57 79 0.7 % Change § % Change § Population Charges in of Events Previous Previous Hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) 1 2 7 10 0.7 Number Millions per 100 Hepatitis B, acute infections (serum hepatitis) 1 2 6 14 0.4 From From Total Rate Year Year Meningococcal Disease 0 0 1 7 0.2 Health Care System Measures Pertussis (Whooping Cough) 4 34 159 292 0.5 Overall Hospitalizations (2008) 279,504 9.4% -2.7% $ 4,703.3 +10.3% Salmonellosis (Salmonella) 16 40 227 241 0.9 Non-maternity Hospitalizations (2008) 164,602 5.4% -3.0% $ 3,924.7 +10.4% Shigellosis (Shigella) 6 7 28 29 1.0 Emergency Department Encounters (2008) 681,958 23.4% -2.9% $ 879.5 +12.6% Varicella (Chickenpox) 0 19 217 478 0.5 Outpatient Surgery (2008) 299,958 10.3% -1.9% $ 1,277.7 +15.2% West Nile (human cases) 0 37 0 46 0.0 % Change § (1 is best) Data Year Previous Affected Percent/ Number # Expected Cases Current Rank ¶ # Expected YTD Current Quarter Current Quarter Morbidity Ratio From State Rate Year YTD Standard (5-yr average) (5-yr average) # Cases YTD Annual Community Health Measures (obs/exp) Obesity (Adults 18+) 2009 465,600 24.0% +3.9% 11 (2009) # Cases Cigarette Smoking (Adults 18+) 2009 190,300 9.8% +5.4% 1 (2009) Quarterly Report of Notifiable Diseases, 2nd Qtr 2010 Influenza Immunization (Adults 65+) 2009 174,400 68.8% -6.2% 33 (2009) HIV/AIDS* 19 35 45 67 0.7 Health Insurance Coverage (Uninsured) 2009 314,300 11.2% +4.7% n/a Chlamydia 1,584 1,341 3,227 2,744 1.2 Motor Vehicle Traffic Crash Injury Deaths 2008 268 9.7 / 100,000 -2.5% 15 (2007) Gonorrhea 108 157 181 329 0.6 Poisoning Deaths 2008 500 18.1 / 100,000 -8.5% 49 (2007) Tuberculosis 9 9 13 17 0.8 Suicide Deaths 2009 445 15.9 / 100,000 +15.3% n/a Diabetes Prevalence (Adults 18+) 2009 118,500 6.1% +0.2% 11 (2009) Budgeted for over (under) Poor Mental Health (Adults 18+) 2009 291,600 15.0% +7.0% 19 (2009) Fiscal YTD Fiscal YTD Expected/ Variance - Budgeted Coronary Heart Disease Deaths 2008 1,514 54.9 / 100,000 -3.2% 2 (2006) Current budget Month Month Medicaid Expenditures (in Millions) All Cancer Deaths 2008 2,478 89.9 / 100,000 -4.8% 1 (2006) for the Month of August 2010† Stroke Deaths 2008 739 26.8 / 100,000 -0.2% 7 (2006) Capitated Mental Health N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Births to Adolescents (Ages 15-17) 2008 1,122 18.5 / 1,000 -0.6% 14 (2006) Inpatient Hospital N/A N/A N/A N/A (N/A) Early Prenatal Care 2008 43,997 79.1% -0.4% n/a Outpatient Hospital N/A N/A N/A N/A (N/A) Infant Mortality 2008 264 4.7 / 1,000 -7.9% 4 (2007) Long Term Care N/A N/A N/A N/A (N/A) Childhood Immunization (4:3:1:3:3:1) 2009 41,500 76.6% +4.1% 20 (2008) Pharmacy N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A * Diagnosed HIV infections, regardless of AIDS diagnosis. Physician/Osteo Services N/A N/A N/A N/A (N/A) † The Medicaid program budget amounts for FY2011 has not yet received final approval at this point. § % Change could be due to random variation. TOTAL HCF MEDICAID N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ¶ State rank based on age-adjusted rates. Notes: Data for notifiable diseases are preliminary and subject to change upon the completion of ongoing disease investigations. Active surveillance for influenza has ended until the 2010 season.

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