Marketing Authorization of medicinal product to EU

Volume 10, Issue 1, September - October 2011; Article-001 ISSN 0976 - 044X
Review Article


MARKETING AUTHORIZATION OF HUMAN MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
TO EUROPEAN UNION/E
UROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA

Santosh Kumar Narla

Corresponding author's E-mail: santosh_narla@yahoo.com


ABSTRACT
A firm or company intended to market their drug products within the European Economic Area should initially get the marketing
authorization from a competent authority of a Member State of European Union (EU) or European Economic Area (EEA country) or
when an authorisation has been granted in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 for the entire Community (a Community
authorisation). The European Economic Area unites the 27 EU member states and the three EEA European Free Trade Association
(EFTA) states (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). EEA constitutes total 30 countries, with 26 different languages and 14 types of
currencies existing in the region. The total population is about 500 millions. Procedures for application for a marketing authorisation
of medicinal product viz. Centralised procedure, National procedure, Mutual recognition procedure and Decentralised procedure,
were explained in detail in this article.
Keywords: European Economic Area, Medicinal product, Marketing authorization, Authorization procedures.

1. INTRODUCTION
Medicinal products are highly regulated in the European
Union (EU) and are subject to a separate, complicated
system of approvals that governs how, when, where, and
in what form such products will be allowed to be sold
within the borders of the EU.
The presented marketing authorisation procedures
applicable to European Economic Area (EEA country),
which included 27 EU member states and the three EEA
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) states (Iceland,
Liechtenstein and Norway). Hence, European Economic

Area constitutes total 30 countries (figure 1).


The regulation of medicinal products is governed in the
Figure 1: European economic area
EU/EEA by Directive 2001/83/EC relating to medicinal
products (the "Directive"). Also known as the
European Union: (EU) European Union consists of 27 EU
Consolidated Directive, it brings many years of separate
member states (figure 2).
legislation together into one, detailed document1.
A firm or company intended to market their drug
products within the European Economic Area should
initially get the marketing authorization from a
competent authority of a Member State of European
Union (EU) or European Economic Area (EEA country) or
when an authorisation has been granted in accordance
with Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 for the entire
Community (a Community authorisation). Before
understanding the authorization process of EU one must

be aware of the following terminologies:
Figure 2: European Union
The European Economic Area: (EEA) The European
Member States: Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands,
Economic Area unites the 27 EU member states and the
Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom,
three EEA European Free Trade Association (EFTA) states
Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Czech
(Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). The details of the
Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta,
member states of European Economic Area are presented
Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia. [25 by 2004]
in figure 1 and table 1.
New Member States: Bulgaria and Romania. [27] [1 January

2007]
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Volume 10, Issue 1, September - October 2011; Article-001 ISSN 0976 - 044X
European Medicines Agency
HMPC: Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC),
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is a decentralised
PDCO: Paediatric Committee (PDCO) and the
body of the European Union with headquarters in
CAT: Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT).
London.
Marketing Authorisation: A medicinal product may only
Six scientific committees, composed of members of all EU
be placed on the market in the European Economic Area
and EEA-EFTA states, conduct the main scientific work of
(EEA) when a marketing authorisation has been issued by
the Agency:
the competent authority of a Member State (or EEA
CHMP: Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
country) for its own territory (national authorisation) or
(CHMP),
when an authorisation has been granted in accordance
with Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 for the entire
CVMP: Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary
Community (a Community authorisation). The marketing
Use (CVMP),
authorisation holder must be established within the EEA.2
COMP: Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products
Details of Regulatory Bodies of Member State for
(COMP),
European Economic Area (EEA) are presented in table 2.


Table 1: Details of Member States of European Economic Area (EEA)3
S. No
Country Name
Country code
Language
Currency
Population
Country Flag
1
Austria
AT
German
Euro
8.3 M

2
Belgium
BE
French, Dutch and German
Euro
10.7 M

3
Bulgaria
BG
Bulgarian
Lev
7.6 M

4
Cyprus
CY
Greek and English
Euro
0.8 M

5
Czech Republic
CZ
Czech
Czech Koruna
10.3 M

6
Germany
DE
German
Euro
82.5 M

7
Denmark
DK
Danish
Danish Krone
5.4 M

8
Estonia
EE
Estonian
Estonian kroon
1.4 M

9
Greece
EL
Greek
Euro
11.2 M

10
Spain
ES
Spanish
Euro
45.3 M

11
Finland, Suomi
FI
Finnish & Swedish
Euro
5.3 M

12
France
FR
French
Euro
63.7 M

13
Hungary
HU
Hungarian
Forint
10.1 M

14
Ireland
IE
English & Irish
Euro
4.0 M

15
Iceland
IS
Icelandic
Icelandic Krona
0.3 M

16
Italy
IT
Italian
Euro
57.3 M

17
Liechtenstein
LI
German
Swiss Franc
0.04 M

18
Lithuania
LT
Lithuanian
Litas
3.4 M

Luxembourgish, French &
19
Luxemburg
LU
Euro
0.5 M
German

20
Latvia
LV
Latvian
Lats
2.3 M

21
Malta
MT
Maltese & English
Euro
0.4 M

22
Netherlands
NL
Dutch
Euro
16.4 M

23
Norway
NO
Norwegian
Norwegian Krone
4.8 M

24
Poland
PL
Polish
Zloty
38.1 M

25
Portugal
PT
Portuguese
Euro
10.4 M

26
Romania
RO
Romanian
Leu
21.5 M

27
Sweden
SE
Swedish
Swedish Krona
9.2 M

28
Slovenia
SI
Slovenian
Euro
2.0 M

29
Slovakia
SK
Slovak
Euro
5.4 M

30
United Kingdom
UK
English
Pound sterling
60.4 M

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Volume 10, Issue 1, September - October 2011; Article-001 ISSN 0976 - 044X
Table 2: Details of Regulatory Bodies of Member States for European Economic Area (EEA)
Country Name
Regulatory Agency Name
Website
Austria
Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES)
www.ages.at
Belgium
Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products
http://www.fagg-afmps.be/en/
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Drug Agency
http://www.bda.bg/index.php?lang=en
Cyprus
Ministry of Health
www.pio.gov.cy
Czech Republic
State Institute for Drug Control
www.sukl.cz
Bundesinstitut fur Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte
Germany
http://www.bfarm.de/de/index.php
(BfArM)
Denmark
The Danish Medicines Agency
http://www.dkma.dk/1024/visUKLSForside.asp?artikelID=728
Estonia
State Agency of Medicines
www.sam.ee
Greece
National Organisation for Medicines
www.eof.gr
Spain
Agencia espanola del medicamento
http://www.aemps.es/en/home.htm
Finland, Suomi
Finnish Medicines Agency
http://www.nam.fi/
Agence Francaise de Securite Sanitaire des Produits de
France
http://www.afssaps.fr/
Sante
Hungary
National Institute of Pharmacy
http://www.ogyi.hu/main_page/
Ireland
Irish Medicines Board
www.imb.ie
Iceland
Icelandic Medicines Agency
http://www.imca.is/
Italy
Italian Medicines Agency
http://www.agenziafarmaco.it/en
Liechtenstein
Liechtensteinische Landesverwaltung
http://www.llv.li/
Lithuania
State Medicines Control Agency
http://www.vvkt.lt/index.php?3327723903
Luxemburg
Ministere de la Sante
www.etat.lu/MS
Latvia
State agency of Medicines
http://www.zva.gov.lv/index.php?setlang=en&large=
Malta
Medicines Authority
http://medicinesauthority.gov.mt/
Netherlands
The Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB)
http://www.cbg-meb.nl/CBG/en/
Norway
Norwegian Medicines Agency
http://www.legemiddelverket.no/
Poland
Office for Medicinal Products
http://www.urpl.gov.pl/english/index.htm
INFARMED - National Authority of Medicines and
Portugal
http://www.infarmed.pt/portal/page/portal/INFARMED
Health Products
Romania
National Medicines Agency
http://www.anm.ro/en/home.html
Sweden
Medical Products Agency
http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/
Slovenia
Agency for Medicinal Products
http://www.jazmp.si/index.php?id=56
Slovakia
State Institute for Drug Control
http://www.sukl.sk/en
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory
United Kingdom
www.mhra.gov.uk
Agency

2. GLANCE OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA
EEA constitutes total 30 countries, with 26 different
languages and 14 types of currencies existing in the
region. The total population is about 500 millions.
EEA Languages
Table 1, shown different languages were existing in the
European Economic Area. Among all the languages most
commonly used language is English, German and French.
In the below figure 3 we can find the other most
commonly used languages in the European Union.

Figure 3: Most commonly used languages in EU.

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EEA Population
Annex 14 Manufacture of products derived from
human blood or human plasma
The total population of EEA is about 500 millions. Below
in table 3 illustrated the top 5 highest populated and also
Annex 15 Qualification and Validation
lowest populated countries of EEA region. These top 5
Annex 16 Certification by a Qualified Person and
highest populated countries population constitutes 60%
batch release
of total population of EEA. Considering the total
population of EEA it stood above the USA population
Annex 18 GMP for active pharmaceutical ingredients
(Around 310 M).
(ICH Q7A)
Volume 9 Pharmacovigilance
Table 3: EEA Population summary
Ranking order
Country Name
Population
3.1 Regulations
Highest Populated countries
Regulations are directly effective as supranational law
1
Germany
82.5 M
and they are addressing the citizens of the EU Member
States.
2
France
63.7 M
3
United Kingdom
60.4 M
3.2 Directives
4
Italy
57.3 M
Directives are addressing the Member States and they
5
Spain
45.3 M
have to be implemented in national law by the legislation
Lowest Populated countries
of the Member States.
1
Liechtenstein
0.04 M
3.3 Guidelines
2
Iceland
0.3 M
Guidelines issued by the CHMP, the European
3
Malta
0.4 M
Pharmacopoeia and ICH are not legally binding but where
4
Luxemburg
0.5 M
an applicant chooses not to be compliant with a
5
Cyprus
0.8 M
guideline, that decision must be explained and justified.
Guidelines are addressing scientific staff of authorities
3. EUROPEAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR LICENSING OF
and companies. All guidelines, points to consider or
MEDICINAL PRODUCT4
recommendations issued under the roof of the EMA can
be found on the EMA web page www.ema.europa.eu.
The legal framework of the EU licensing consists of three
major columns: Regulations, Directives and Guidelines.
4. TYPES OF MARKETING AUTHORIZATION APPLICATIONS
The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European
Legal types of marketing authorizations are provided
Union are issued by the EU Commission and can be
Table 4.
downloaded
from
http://eudrams1.is.eudra.org/F2/
eudralex/download. For human medicinal products,
Table 4: Legal Types of MAs in the EU/EEA (Type of Application)
including all biological and biotech products, the relevant
- Dir 2001/83
volumes are:
Class
Details
Legal Type
Volume 1 Pharmaceutical legislation (Summary of all
current Regulations and Directives)
Has to contain the complete data
Full dossier
Article 8
set - CTD Module 1-5
Volume 2 Notice to Applicants


Volume 2A Procedures for marketing authorization
Generic
Pure generic application.
Article 10 (1)

Volume 2B Presentation and content of the
Generic, additional
Article 10 (3)
Article 10 (3)
data
application dossier
Biosimilar
Generic Biotech products
Article 10 (4)

Volume 2C Regulatory guidelines

Volume 3 Guidelines medicinal products for human use
-
Non-clinical & Clinical Data
Bibliographic
replaced by - literature
Volume 4 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) with in
application,
-
10 years systematic and
Article 10a
particular
WEU (Well Established documented use of the substance
Use)
as a medicinal product in the EU
Annex 01 Manufacture of sterile medicinal products
Combination of known pre-clinical data and clinical data
Annex 02 Manufacture of biological medicinal
Article 10b
constituents
for the combination
products for human use
Innovator's generic product.
Informed consent
Article 10c
Annex 13 Manufacture of investigational medicinal
(Duplicate dossier)
products

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Volume 10, Issue 1, September - October 2011; Article-001 ISSN 0976 - 044X
5. MARKETING AUTHORISATION PROCEDURES5-9
* Generic medicinal products of reference medicinal
products authorised by the CP
Procedures for application for a marketing authorisation
Products authorised pursuant to the centralised
Centralised procedure
procedure are granted marketing authorisations that
National procedure
cover all EU Member States and the EEA. A further
Mutual recognition procedure
distinguishing feature of this route includes the
Decentralised procedure
requirement for the marketing holder to secure also a
single EU-wide trademark for the product. However, the
5.1. Centralised Procedure (CP)
convenience of the centralised procedure is also
European drug approvals are overseen by the European
accompanied by fees that are significantly higher than the
Medicines Agency. It is responsible for the scientific
national procedure. The flow of centralised procedure
evaluation of applications for authorization to market
was illustrated in figure 4 & 5.
medicinal products in Europe (via the centralized
procedure).
In order to obtain a Community Authorization, an
application is made to the EMA - The European
Medicines Agency. The application is scientifically
evaluated by the Committee for Medicinal Products for
Human Use (CHMP). A MA granted under the CP is valid
for the entire EU/EEA market.
The centralised procedure laid down in Regulation
724/2004 and Directive 2004/27/EC. Applications are
made directly to the EMA and lead to a grant of a

Figure 4: Scheme of Centralised procedure
European marketing authorization by the EU Commission
within 7 months after application (210 days). One
Member State is assigned Rapporteur for an application
and takes the lead in the evaluation process of the CHMP.
The decision of the Commission is binding on all EU
Member States. The product may be marketed in all
Member States with one common Summary of Product
Characteristics (SPC). 4
Mandatory for the Centralised Procedure
* Biotechnological medicinal products,
* Orphan medicinal products
* New active substances for which the therapeutic
indication is the treatment of
- Diabetes

- Cancer
Figure 5: Centralised application procedure
- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV)
5.2. National Procedure (NP)
- Neurodegenerative disorder (Alzheimer ...)
If an applicant wishes to obtain a license in one Member
- Auto-immune diseases and other immune
State (MS) an application must be made to the national
dysfunctions
Competent Authority (CA) which then issues a national
- Viral diseases
license.
Optional for the Centralised Procedure
With the exception of products granted a marketing
authorisation under the centralised procedure as set out
* New active substances
above, all products are granted marketing authorisations
* Innovative medicinal products
on a country-by-country basis by the competent
* in the interests of patients at Community level
authorities in each Member State. Such marketing
- Pandemic
authorisations permit the holder to market the product in
question in the Member State concerned, subject to any
- Generic medicinal products of nationally authorized
restrictions or requirements that accompany the
reference medicinal products
authorisation.
- OTC medicinal products

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5.3. Mutual Recognition Procedure (MRP)
The mutual recognition procedure (MRP) laid down in
Council Directive 2004/27/EC. Pre-requisite to enter in
this procedure is a marketing authorization in one of the
EU Member States (reference Member State, RMS). To
obtain such initial national marketing authorisation may
take 6 to 9 months. An application for mutual recognition
may be addressed to any number of Member States
(Concerned Member States, CMS). The RMS compiles an
assessment report within 90 days and sends this report to
all CMS who have 90 days to recognize the decision of the
RMS by granting a marketing authorization with an
identical SPC. Concerned Member States have additional
30 days for granting the national licenses. The total MR
procedure takes 9 months for the first national Marketing

Authorisation plus 7 months for the mutual recognition
Figure 6: Scheme of Mutual recognition procedure
part. 4
For products to be registered in more than one Member
State (MS) and which do not qualify for the Centralised
Procedure (CP) applicants must use either the
Decentralised Procedure (DP) or the Mutual Recognition
Procedure (MRP). The MRP is to be used if the aim is to
register in more than one Member State and the
medicinal product in question has already received a
Marketing Authorisation (MA) in any MS at the time of
application.
The MRP is based on the idea that a national license
approved in one EU Member State (Reference Member
State - RMS) should be mutually recognised in other EU
countries (Concerned Member States - CMS). This is
based on the assumption that the evaluation criteria in
the EU member states are sufficiently harmonised and

are of the same standard. At the end of a MRP national
Figure 7: Mutual recognition Application procedure
licenses are issued in the CMSs involved in the procedure.
5.4. Decentralised procedure (DCP)
Medicines legislation also foresees the possibility that
most pharmaceutical companies will wish to market their
The decentralised procedure (DCP) as laid down in
products in more than one EU country, and provides two
Directive 2004/27/EC, Article 28, paragraph 3 applies
mechanisms to applicants that avoid the need to submit
where a medicinal product has not received the
full marketing authorisation applications in each country.
Marketing authorisation in one Member State. 4
The
mutual
recognition
procedure,
enables
The Decentralised Procedure (DCP), in general, follows
pharmaceutical companies who already hold a marketing
the same principles of the MRP. A license approved in one
authorisation in one EU Member State to ask additional
Member States (MS) should be mutually recognised in
Member States to recognize the marketing authorisation
other Member States (MSs) assuming that the evaluation
that has already been granted. The procedure involves
criteria in the EU member states are sufficiently
the preparation of an assessment report by the original
harmonised and are of the same standard.
Member State that is forwarded to the additional
The DCP is to be used if the aim is to obtain marketing
Member States for its consideration. Assuming the other
authorisation in several Member States (MSs) where, at
Member States agree with the report, a marketing
the time of application, the medicinal product in question
authorisation will then be issued for the product in the
has not yet received a Marketing Authorisation in any MS.
Member States concerned.
The main difference between the MRP and DCP lies in the
However, the Mutual Recognition procedure often sees
fact that the Concerned Member States (CMSs) in a DCP
disagreements between Member States that can hold up
are involved at the onset of the procedure as opposed to
the procedure and lead to delays. For such occasions,
waiting for approval before an application is made in the
there is a detailed disputes procedure that must be
CMS.
followed. Flow of MRP is illustrated in figure 6 & 7.
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Volume 10, Issue 1, September - October 2011; Article-001 ISSN 0976 - 044X
The second of these, the decentralised procedure, which
of 01 April 2004) an orphan designation may be applied
was introduced during the changes to the legislation in
for. Prove of the prevalence of a rare condition should
2005, aims to avoid some of the potential disputes
follow COMP/436/01. The designation procedure with the
between Member States and the resulting delays to
COMP takes 90 days plus 30 days for Commission
authorisation by engaging each of the Member States to
approval. Additionally, the sponsor has to file an
which the applicant wishes to apply at the time the first
application for a marketing authorisation through the
marketing authorisation is made. Consequently, this
centralised procedure and only after approval may bring
procedure is open only to products that have not yet
the orphan drug product on the EU market. The approval
been granted a marketing authorisation in the EU. Under
includes a 10 years exclusive marketing right. 4
the decentralised procedure, the applicant chooses one
Member State to be its reference Member State.
CONCLUSION
There are several key advantages of the decentralised
A medicinal product may only be placed on the market in
procedure. Foremost amongst there is a strong
the European Economic Area (EEA) when a marketing
commercial advantage: because the applicant receives
authorisation has been issued by the competent authority
identical marketing authorisation for its medicinal
of a Member State (or EEA country) for its own territory
product in all chosen member states at the same time, it
(national authorisation) or when an authorisation has
is possible to launch a product on the market in several
been granted in accordance with Regulation (EC) No
different EU countries simultaneously, thus reducing the
726/2004 for the entire Community (a Community
associated launch costs and potentially creating a strong
authorisation). The marketing authorisation holder must
band and presence for the product in the EU from day
be established within the EEA. The marketing
one. In addition, the fact that identical marketing
authorisation holder should follow the relevant guideline
authorisation will be issued for the medicinal product
and directives for manufacturing of the medicinal
concurrently should lead in theory to significant reduction
products to be market in the EEA and he has select to
in the regulatory hurdles the applicant must go through in
select the relevant legal type of application and relevant
the first instance to obtain the marketing authorisation,
procedure based on the product eligibility, for faster drug
and this is coupled with a potential reduction in the
product approval. Summary of European marketing
future administrative burden of the marketing
application options in table 6.
authorisation holder with regard to the variations,
Table 6: Summary of European marketing application
extensions and renewals of the marketing authorisations
options
in each member states. The flow chart of decentralised
procedure was provided in figure 8 & table 5.

Figure 8: Steps involved in decentralised procedure

5.5. Orphan Drug Procedure
Orphan Drug: EU Regulation on orphan medicinal
products EC 141/2000 and EC 847/2000 apply for
products intended for treatment of rare diseases. If a

medical condition does not affect more than 5 in 10,000
persons in the Community (i.e. appr. 225,000 persons as

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Volume 10, Issue 1, September - October 2011; Article-001 ISSN 0976 - 044X
Table 5: Flow chart of decentralised procedure
Pre-procedural Step
Before Day -14
Applicant discussions with RMS, RMS allocates procedure number. Creation in CTS.
Day -14
Submission of the dossier to the RMS and CMSs; Validation of the application.
Assessment step I
Day 0
RMS starts the procedure.
Day 70
RMS forwards the Preliminary Assessment Report (PrAR) (including comments on SmPC, PL

and labeling) on the dossier to the CMSs and the applicant.
Until Day 100
CMSs send their comments to the RMS, CMSs and applicant.
Until Day 105
Consultation between RMS and CMSs and applicant.

If consensus not reached RMS stops the clock to allow applicant to supplement the dossier
and respond to the questions.
Clock-off period
Applicant may send draft responses to the RMS and agrees the date with the RMS for

submission of the final response. Applicant sends the final response document to the RMS
and CMSs within a period of 3 months, which can be extended by a further 3 months.
Day 106
RMS restarts the procedure following the receipt of a valid response or expiry of the agreed

clock-stop period if a response has not been received.
Assessment step II
Day 120 (Day 0)
RMS sends the DAR, draft SmPC, draft labelling and draft PL to CMSs and the applicant.
Day 145 (Day 25)
CMSs send comments to RMS, CMSs and the applicant.
Day 150 (Day 30)
RMS may close procedure if consensus reached.
Proceed to national 30 days step for granting MA.
Until 180 (Day 60)
If consensus is not reached by day 150, RMS to communicate outstanding issues with

applicant, receive any additional clarification, prepare a short report and forward it to the
CMSs and the applicant.
Day 195 (at the latest)
A Break-Out Session (BOS) may be held at the European Medicines Agency with the involved

MSs to reach consensus on the major outstanding issues.
Between Day 195 and
RMS consults with the CMSs and the applicant to discuss the remaining comments raised.
Day 210
Day 210 (Day 90)
Closure of the procedure including CMSs approval of assessment report, SmPC, labelling and

PL, or referral to Co-ordination group.
Proceed to national 30 days step for granting MA.
Day 210 (at the latest)
If consensus on a positive RMS AR was not reached at day 210, points of disagreement will be

referred to the Co-ordination group for resolution.
Day 270 (at the latest)
Final position adopted by Co-ordination Group with referral to CHMP/CVMP for arbitration in
case of unsolved disagreement.
National step
5 days after close of
Applicant sends high quality national translations of SmPC, labelling and PL to CMSs and RMS
procedure
30 days after close of
Granting of national marketing authorisation in RMS and CMSs if outcome is positive and
The procedure
there is no referral to the Co-ordination group. (National Agencies will adopt the decision and

will issue the marketing authorisation subject to submission of acceptable translations).
30 days after close of
Granting of national marketing authorisation in RMS and CMSs if positive conclusion by the
CMD referral procedure
Co-ordination group and no referral to the CHMP/CVMP. (National Agencies will adopt the
decision and will issue the marketing authorisation subject to submission of acceptable
translations).



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REFERENCES
5. Document: Notice to Applicant, Vol 2A, Chapter 1
"Marketing Authorisation", 2005.
1. Anthony Warnock-Smith, Bringing a drug to market in the
EU using the new decentralised procedure, Euralex, May
6. Document: Notice to Applicant, Vol 2A, Chapter 2 - Mutual
2007, 14-16.
Recognition (updated version - February 2007)
2. VOLUME 2A, Procedures for marketing authorisation,
7. Document: Notice to Applicant, Vol 2A, Chapter 4 -
Chapter 1, Marketing Authorisation, European Commission,
Centralised Procedure (updated version - April 2006).
November 2005.
8. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1085/2003 of 3 June 2003.
3. Matrin Johnston and Mendel Goldstein, European Union
Development Cooperation Activities in Nicaragua, EU Blue
9. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1084/2003 of 3 June 2003.
Book 2008.

4. Dr. Ute Krahl, BioReg Consultancy, July 2005, www.bioreg-
advice.com.



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