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Napoleon, Congress Of Vienna, Nationalism
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- I know, it’s a lot.
- Directory
- Robespierre get chopped (1794)
- Directory of 5 takes over – more conservative
- Ruled with an assembly
- Women’s Rights after Revolution
- Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of Rights of Women & Female Citizen (1791)
- Sliced during Reign of Terror
- Gain some rights: public schooling, land/family rights
- Mary Wollstonecraft, English: fought for equal education rights
- “ Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility.”
- “ Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility”.
- Age of Napoleon
- Born in Corsica (off Italy) 1769
- Rose through the ranks fast
- 1792: captain
- 1794: brigadier general
- 1795: saved National Convention from angry mob
- 1796: commander of French army in Italy
- 1797: defeat Austrians, national hero
- 1798-99: attacks British through Egypt..doesn’t go well. Finds Rosetta Stone. Retreats.
- Naps.
- Coup in 1799 brings a new Republic to France.
- Three consuls…Napoleon one of them
- Naps big influence
- Legislature
- Bureaucracy
- Army
- Foreign affairs
- 1802: named consul for life
- 1804: crowns self Emperor…
- … back to monarchy in France.
- What’s it all about?
- Why did the revolution happen in the first place?
- Limit arbitrary government
- How did it end?
- Far more autocratic gov’t
- As time progresses, Nap’s regime more dictatorial
- Napoleon’s Domestic Policy
- Concordat:
- Reestablishes Catholic church
- Pope acknowledge Revolution
- Not state religion, but religion of majority
- Clergy paid by state (Protestants too)
- N’s.D.P.
- Codified laws (before 300 different legal systems)
- Just like who?
- New:
- Equality of citizens (except? ? )
- Choice of profession
- Religious toleration
- Abolition of serfdom/feudalism
- Family law: more patriarchal
- Women less equal than men
- Nap’s Military Strength
- Hugely successful general, gained territory
- Mistake: invades Russia 1812
- (600,000 went in, only 40,000 came out)
- 1814: exiled to Elba
- 1815: comes back to France
- 1815: Loss to British (Duke of Wellington) at Waterloo
- 1815: Exile to Saint Helena
- 1821: Dies
- Nap’s Empire
- Europe after Congress of Vienna
- Congress of Vienna
- European powers meet (1815)
- Led by Austrian, Metternich
- Purpose: restore order after fall of Napoleonic France and create balance of power
- Monarchy restored: Louis XVIII
- Territory gained by Nap, given back
- Ushers in an era of [relative] peace in Europe for 100 years.
- Nationalism
- Right to have an independent political rule based on shared history and common future
- What do people have in common?
- Language, customs, traditions, values, religion
- Types of Nationalism
- Cultural: shared culture… not necessarily voluntary
- Political: seek independence to protect community
- Ethnic: shared ethnicity brings a group together regardless of political border
- Religious: shared religion…(same as above)
- Diaspora: ethnic/religious group based on shared identity. Separated from historical homeland, but share a common ethnicity or religion
- Example?
- Other Revolutions
- Mexico: Fr. Hidalgo leads. Assassinated, 1811. “Father of Mexico”
- Haiti: only slave state. Rich French colony. L’Ouverture leads.
- South America: fight Spain, gain independence. Simon Bolivar. Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia
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