Open Access In Medicine

Open Access in Medicine - OverviewMartin FennerKlinik für Hämatologie, Hämostaseologie, Onkologie und StammzelltransplantationOpen AccessThe author(s) grant(s) to all users a free, irrevocable right of access to, and a license to copy, use and distribute the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, subject to proper attribution of authorship.A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials is deposited (and thus published) in at least one online repository.Berlin Declaration on Open Access 2003„Allianz der Deutschen WIssenschaftsorganisationen“ signed the Berlin Declaration2729Hochschulrektorenkonferenz (HRK)Max-P28 lanck-Gesellschaft (MPG)Leibniz-Gemeinschaft30!"#$ !"#$%#$&'()*+"(),*",-)(),./ 0!123/H#"$7#2$S0-#'46*5$D@*$()#*$+,,#--$%&'$ ()#*$ +,,#--$ &.-$ /%#0&$ 123%4#"'"5$.#5'$7 W"#$ i!1s2s$5e2ns@T# c*$ hU a#2'$&61$7"#$H#&,%926!f "#$ts %r&'at&())*+,(%&$ -).$ */&01(&%&).$H(&$ A4)A0&+&$ P'#&+,-)%$ 1(0.$ ()2&615#52"11#*$ 6*7$ 6*'#2-'3'4#*7$ 8#5.#"9'6*5$7#2$7"D#2-#*$O&%0#*8#7"*56*5#*$2)&067"/$.&0$!%*$S40$7""&'$7)$.&)$!"#$'#':$ ;26*7.&5#$ 7"#-#-$ <*5&5#0#*'-$ "-'$132$7"#$#"*4#.*#*$N@,%-,%6.#*:$!"#-$5".'$Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft24,(&0+&$ 340#56-)%#40%7)(#7+(4)$ 804.-2%&"'()$:',/5/8/+'01!%:,2$%&"&(#+&+>$E(+$.&0$7"#$ =8#24#656*5>$ 7&--$ 7#2$ ?@-'#*#*'9"*$8#-@*7#2#2$U#"-#$&6,%$132$7"#$6*'#29!"#$ !"#$%#&'(")"#%*+,-./$ %&'$ (")%$ *+,$P")%'"/#$ Q)%4"''#$ 1#4$ !"#$%#&'("',(&0+$ .(&$ !"#$%&"'()$*+,+&&,(-"./0 1!%*2$('$J760$KLLU$%&%0*).&+&)$!"#0%&"'()0;5$A",B.6*5$ "*$ 7#2$ A"--#*-,%&1'.",%#*$-,%"#7.",%#*$FQ,%#2V$C"'#2&'62D#2-@256*5$ 8#5#5*#'>$ 7#2$ E*9Deutsche For-"#.$ /#(#'*'0$ 1#2$ 34#"#2$ 5+('&+()%$ 6+&7'(s+$c( h60&u0$ n34 g0# s56ge-)%$m&( e)$9 i:ns:&)+ c"( h56 a&#$f;t (-+<$ DFG)"#%*+,-./$ *+4$ M,(#'*+2/$ 1#4$ 0"12#%"1395/" )&0<5=4"4>01!%;<2$67+$.(&$!%*$&0%I)225.7#$ ('$ 9::&)+"(56&)$ =)+&0&##&$ %&).-"+' ,8+$'(/#94:3'#4$ +21$ ;#/+'&)%'#'#4$ <=47,&).$&()&$,&)+07"&$=)#+(+-+(4)$%&#567::4 &1)52<$617%8$N&4#2$1"#$R4:21+2/$1#($5471@20&'"@*-465&*5$ #2A#"'#2'$ -@A"#$ 7"#$„Bei der Förderung von Open Access müs-!"#$%&'%($)%($*(#+,'+%(1- &%&0../&)$'% #($4") "%>$?($ (&$!"##&$+,+&$#(56$.&#67"/$#5(6)4%)$+2/(.#&40/&#)$!;2"-(:(%7#$ /"&)2$ #81&"A/" +'0&-'$.#4$ .(<&$=3490,$ .&0-; )#" %$'(A4#"(#($?9#2$5))#(($",$Q#9'#,;#4$A"--#*-,%&1'.",%#$ +28#"'$ "*$ F@2-,%6*5>$se %&n '"wi #(r )na#t*ü%rl+i#c,h '-(stet .s /d"i#(e 0ve"rschiedenen Publi-:0'(*6$:122"*'0$."'(&)$@3,- 84 &)'-( 2!55Fr &#a #2u;&n .7h )oAf&)$&>er (?-)9>#2$Ge .5s &)#$)#el@(l8(s&@$ )(c 2'!8h 54a5A&#f #4$t#2*;+$&3.B74)1A#&4)2#$C$-!)#.$4$.&#S#&T)$TU$+21$1"#$V#4&;()%"#1+2/$1#4$?9#27C#%2#$6*7$G'67"60$8#-,%.#6*"5'$6*7$#19kat5i,(o 6nsk &u7lt7"ur 'e78n 9d4e2r :%&8wi 9ss"e;(nsc <ha &f7tlichen Fächer =7)" +&'$ 0)$01 :4'$ 0.2 &3 03 +$4$ #(&$()$(60&)$B&%&")$(,)! -%"#0$2#$ .%&'8.#$( 0)7+'A2"+1$(#1*+ 5"64* &$#' !A'&+ )#$1-,- &+$)/$- .&.-2"+)%$/$* &*' ()+$&+ #15"6#(!" 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"''1 M*,9" 1( ?,.3( .E$ #+' #3 "0 4'Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft ist die führende -0,($euro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bereichs erwirtschaftet die Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft ,(;,$D,.(,#<&(;$+"#$)(-,.,($O,H3'"#34.",($<&$,.+B;0"1*,(AGold OAPublishing in an Open Access journalGreen OASelf-archiving in an institutional repository or PubMed CentralPubMed comprises more than 19 million citations for biomedical articles from MEDLINE and life science journals. Citations may include links to full-text articles from PubMed Central or publisher web sites.Availability of fulltext articles Matsubayashi et al.Figure 1Full text availability of in PubMed in 2005sample articles (n54,667)journal’s publisMatsubayhers (72.1%). PMCashi M et al. (26.0%) was the J Med Libr ratioAssoc.s. Among 2009 the 8 countries accounting for thesecond most common method of access, followed bylargest number of articles in the sample, the rate atjournaldoi: platforms or portal sites (17.4%). 10.3163/1536-5050.97.1.002. which OA articles were published by authors residingIn contrast, the percentage of OA articles availablein Canada was the highest (37.6%), with the Unitedvia self-archiving (in IRs and authors’ personalStates second (30.1%). Articles by authors from 4 otherwebsites) was considerably lower (5.9% and 4.8%,countries were also published as OA at a rate of morerespectively). However, 87.7% (64 of 73 items) of thethan 20%: the United Kingdom (24.0%), Francearticles available from IRs were published in journals(22.3%), Japan (20.9%), and Italy (20.3%).that did not have a stated policy of OA. Thus althoughAmong these top 20 countries in terms of number ofonly a small number of articles were available fromarticles, with the exception of Brazil, a high percent-IRs, these repositories were important because theyage of OA articles were accessible from journalprovided OA articles that were not available in otherwebsites. This result mirrored the overall trendlocations.mentioned in the previous section. In countries suchDespite the fact that the NIH public access policyas the United States and the United Kingdom, thetook effect in May 2005, the number of articles madepercentage of OA articles accessible from journalavailable by authors’ self-archiving in PMC repre-websites was very high (70 or 80%) and thosesented only a small minority of the OA articles. Weaccessible through PMC was around 30%, whichfound only 1 author’s manuscript among the targetwas a little higher than average. Japan and Brazil,articles, while NIH reports that 200–500 authors’however, showed different patterns of providing OA.manuscripts were archived per month in 2005 [16].Although the percentage of OA from journalwebsites was the highest among the various types ofMethod of providing OA by countries. ThreeOA (57.1%) studied, a distinctive characteristic inthousand six hundred ninety-five articles in theJapan was the higher percentage of journal platformssample included information on the affiliation of theor portal sites (40.8%). All of the OA articles byfirst author. Articles from the 20 countries with theauthors residing in Japan and categorized as journalhighest number of articles in this sample were thenplatforms or portal sites were available from J-further analyzed for patterns of OA (Table 1). AuthorsSTAGE. J-STAGE is an electronic journal platformresiding in Belgium had the highest rate of OA articlethat was established by a Japanese governmentalpublication: 41.7% of the articles by these authorsagency to encourage domestic scholarly societies inwere OA. They were followed by India (40.0%),science, technology, and medicine to make theirCanada (37.6%), and Brazil (36.4%). While articlesjournals available online. Most journal publishers onby authors residing in these countries had OA ratesJ-STAGE have been offered support to digitize theirgreater than 35%, they represent less than 2% of thearticles at no cost. The high percentage of J-STAGEtotal articles in the sample, except for Canada. TheOA journal articles indicates that the Japanesesmall sample size might account for the high OAgovernment’s policy on the digitization of society8J Med Libr Assoc 97(1) January 2009Distribution of PubMed Open Access articles from Germany in 2005 Journal WebsitePubMed CentralInstitutional RepositoryAuthor’s Website0%20% 40% 60% 80%Matsubayashi M et al. J Med Libr Assoc. 2009 doi: 10.3163/1536-5050.97.1.002.NIH Public Access PolicyStarting May 25, 2008, peer-reviewed journal manuscripts that arise from NIH funds have to be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication. These papers have to be made accessible to the public on PubMed Central no later than 12 months after publication.Submissions to PubMed CentralNIH Public Access Policyhttp://www.nihms.nih.gov/stats/index.shtmlResearcherScience LibraryInstitutionFunding OrganisationJournalGeneral PublicPolicy MakersJournalists