Pesantren dan Dunia Pemikiran Santri: Problematika Metodologi ...

Pesantren dan Dunia Pemikiran Santri:
Problematika Metodologi Penelitian Yang Dihadapi Orang Asing


Oleh:


Murray Gordon O’Hanlon












Program ACICIS Angkatan XXI, 2005-2006
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang


Pesantren and Santri Thought-Worlds:
Issues of Research Methodology Faced by an Outsider

By Murray O’Hanlon
Faculty of Social Science and Politics
Muhammadiyah University, Malang

---

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN


Judul Penelitian : PESANTREN DAN DUNIA PEMIKIRAN SANTRI :
PROBLEMATIKA METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
YANG DIHADAPI ORANG ASING

Nama Peneliti
: Murray Gordon O’Hanlon
Nama Pembimbing
: Drs. Abdullah Masmuh, M.Si.







Ketua
Program
ACICIS,
Dosen
Pembimbing


DR. H.M. Mas’ud Said, MM.


Drs. Abdullah Masmuh, M.Si.



Mengetahui
Dekan FISIP – UMM


Drs. Budi Suprapto, M.Si.




Januari 2006, Malang

ii

---

Dipersembahkan untuk Puspa


































iii

---

ABSTRAKSI


Apa perbedaan yang nampak dalam dunia pemikiran santri di Jawa Timur –
nilai-nilai, harapan-harapan dan sikap mereka? Ini masalah utama dalam proyek
penelitian ini. Pertanyaan ini muncul sebagai oposisi terhadap anggapan umum
dalam pers dan masyarakat, sampai ke tingkat atas di pemerintah di Australia dan
AS, bahwa pesantren adalah sarang teroris. Dalam laporan ini, diharapkan dapat
ditemukan salah satu pengertian tentang kehidupan pesantren di Jawa Timur yang
lebih dalam.


Santri dari dua belas pondok pesantren di Jawa Timur memaparkan
pemikiran-pemikiran dan dunia mereka dalam wawancara-wawancara dengan
peneliti. Pesantren dipilih berdasarkan tempat, organisasi massa, gaya pendidikan
(salafiyah atau khalafiyah), dan ideologi. Beberapa pesantren dipilih atas informasi
dari dosen-dosen dan masyarakat di wilayah pondok pesantren. Dari wawancara
dengan santri, dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai-nilai dan cita-cita yang paling umum di
dalam perjalanan kehidupan santri adalah: membantu masyarakat pesantren,
khususnya orang yang tidak mampu; hidup berdasarkan ajaran agama Islam; saling
menghormati umat dari berbagai agama; belajar bahasa asing; dan menyampaikan
pesan agama Islam yang sebenarnya melalui perkataan dan perilaku. Banyak
perspektif dapat ditemukan oleh seorang peneliti, sampai dunia pemikiran santri tidak
muncul sebagai satu saja, tetapi sebanyak santri yang ada.
Dalam mendiskusikan masalah ini, penulis akan menjelaskan aspek-aspek
tertentu mengenai proses penelitian sebagai orang asing di sebuah bidang agama
dan kebudayaan. Teknik penelitian diberitahu oleh fenomenologi interpretatif muncul
sebagai teknik yang cocok untuk meneliti sebuah topik seperti ini. Dalam studi ini,
agama, kebangsaan dan budaya peneliti muncul sebagai faktor-faktor terkuat dalam
proses meneliti pesantren, karena faktor-faktor tersebut mempengaruhi proses
perijinan, suasana wawancara, dan topik-topik yang disinggung untuk dibicarakan
oleh santri. Diskusi ini penting terutama untuk peneliti baru yang ingin turun lapangan
dan ingin tahu tentang hal-hal yang akan dihadapi saat meneliti bidang seperti yang
dibicarakan di bawah.





iv

---

ABSTRACT


This field research report asks the question: “What diversity of experience
exists within the santri thought world of East Java – that is, in the values, hopes,
aspirations and attitudes of the santri themselves?” This question arises in the
context of an almost uniform impression in the media, the general public, and even
so far as the upper eschelons of public policy making in Australia and the US, that
Islamic schools or pesantren are ‘hotbeds’ of terrorists. In this project, I aim to
achieve a more informed understanding of life in the pesantren of East Java.

Santri from twelve pondok pesantren or Muslim boarding schools in East Java
expressed their thoughts during interviews with the researcher. The pesantren were
selected according to location, affiliation with particular Muslim organisations, style of
education (religious only or including general education), and ideology. The latter
was informed by local academics and members of the pesantren communities. From
these interviews, the most important values to aspire to in the course of the typical
santri life include: the hope for returning something to the pesantren community,
especially to the disadvantaged; living a good life according to the values of Islam;
respecting people from other religious communities; mastering a foreign language;
and conveying the true message of Islam through one’s words and actions. However,
aside from these general trends, so many perspectives could be met with that no
single santri thought-world emerges, but as many worlds as there are santri.

As the investigation into the santri thought-world is related below, important
aspects of the process of conducting research as a foreigner in a new linguistic,
cultural and religious context will be discussed. An interpretive phenomenological
framework emerges as an appropriate research technique for investigatng a research
problem such as this. The religious, national and ethnic identity of the researcher
emerge as salient factors in shaping the research experience, according to their
influence on the process of gaining access and setting the atmosphere and topics of
interview discussion. The explication of the field research process from the
perspective of an ethnic and religious outsider will be of interest to those seeking to
understand the practical concerns that characterise field research in East Java and
Indonesia.





v

---

KATA PENGANTAR

Saya ingin memberikan salam dan terima kasih saya kepada semua orang
yang membantu saya dalam proyek penelitian ini. Sayangnya hanya beberapa
yang bisa dicantumkan di sini:
Masyarakat desa dan kota di Pasuruan, Probolinggo dan Lamongan.
Ghozi dan keluarga; Tony, Louise dan Dean, Jules. Aris. Mak’sum. Shinta.
Terima kasih.
Bapak-bapak dan Ibu-ibu yang mengurus atau memimpin pesantren yang
saya kunjungi; santri-santri yang berbicara dengan saya dan mengajar saya
mengenai dunia pesantren.
Dosen pembimbing saya, Pak Abdullah Masmuh; Pak Habib;
Pak
Mas’ud; Pak Pri; Tim Dosen ACICIS Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang; Rektor
UMM Bapak Muhadjir Effendy. ACICIS Resident Director, Pak Phil King.
Mbak Ulla Fionna; Pak David Reeve; Ibu Rochayah Machali; Departemen
Pelajaran Indonesia di Universitas New South Wales, Australia.
Mahasiswa-mahasiswi ACICIS: Caitlyn, Emily, Kim, Luisa, dan Nick – terima
kasih telah mengganggu saya, membelikan minuman untuk saya, dan yang paling
penting terima kasih sudah mengunjungi saya di RS Kaset. Terima kasih sudah
membentuk kelompok anak-anak Australi di Malang yang asyik dan lucu. Mbak
Kate, Mbak Marianne, Mbak Saarah, Mas Tono, dan Mas Quinton.

Keluarga saya – Mum, Brendan and Ayleen, and Dad.


Akhirnya, saya ingin mengakui bahwa hanya saya bertanggung-jawab jika ada
kekurangan dalam studi lapangan ini.


Murray O’Hanlon
(Januari 2006)

vi

---

DAFTAR ISI

Abstraksi Bahasa Indonesia......................................................................... iv
Abstraksi Bahasa Inggris.............................................................................. v
Kata Pengantar............................................................................................. vi
Daftar Isi....................................................................................................... vii
Daftar Isi dalam Bahasa Inggris................................................................... ix

Bab 1: Pendahuluan...................................................................................... 1

Bab 2: Gambaran Tentang Pesantren.......................................................... 4

2.1 Kesan Tentang Pesantren dalam Media di Australia.............................. 4
2.2 Kesan Tentang Pesantren dalam Media Indonesia................................ 7
2.3 Wacana Tentang Pesantren di luar Indonesia ...................................... 10
2.4 Wacana Tentang Pesantren di Indonesia.............................................. 12

Bab 3: Metodologi Penelitian........................................................................ 13

3.1 Memahami Objek Penelitian dan Teknik Wawancara............................ 15
3.2 Model Penelitian.................................................................................... 17
3.2.1 Batas-Batas Proyek Penelitian................................................ 18
3.2.2 Struktur Wawancara................................................................ 18
3.2.3 Pembahasan Topik-Topik........................................................ 20
3.3 Diskusi Problematika Metodologi........................................................... 21
3.3.1 Permasalahan Teks Bahasa Asing........................................... 21
3.3.2 Pengambilan Keputusan........................................................... 23
3.3.3 Motivasi Peneliti........................................................................ 24
3.3.4 Permasalahan Bahasa dalam Wawancara............................... 24
3.3.5 Masalah Perijinan, Gatekeepers dan Keyholders ................... 25
3.3.6 Kaum Santri: Teknik Mendapat Wawancara............................. 28
3.3.7 Pencatatan dan Perekaman Percakapan................................. 30
3.3.8 Identitas Peneliti....................................................................... 31
3.3.9 Permasalahan Etika Tentang Keluar Lapangan....................... 33
3.4 Diskusi Umum Problematika Metodologi .............................................. 34


Bab 4: Wacana Tematik Mengenai Hasil Penelitian.................................... 36

4.1 Meneliti Pesantren................................................................................. 36
4.2 Keputusan Memilih Pesantren untuk Bersekolah.................................. 39
4.3 Pelaksanaan Tata Tertib, Pelanggaran Tata Tertib, dan Hukuman....... 40
4.4 Cita-cita Santri....................................................................................... 42
4.5 Nilai-Nilai Santri...................................................................................... 43
4.6 Sikap Santri Terhadap Dunia Non-Muslim............................................ 43
4.7 Jihad, Terorisme dan Sikap Santri Terhadapanya................................ 44
4.8 Perbedaan Antara Para Santri NU dan Muhammadiyah...................... 47
4.9 Diskusi Umum Hasil Wawancara.......................................................... 48

Bab 5: Penutup.............................................................................................. 51


vii

---

Daftar Pustaka.............................................................................................. 53
A. Pers, Internet dan Novel........................................................................... 53
B. Wacana Perguruan Tinggi........................................................................ 54

Lampiran-Lampiran....................................................................................... 55

A. Sumber-Sumber Penelitian...................................................................... 55
B. Daftar Pertanyaan.................................................................................... 56

Riwayat Hidup Penulis................................................................................. 57


Daftar Tabel

1. Pesantren yang diteliti dalam studi ini...................................................... 37

Daftar Gambaran

1. Pidato oleh Muslim AS di pesantren di Kabupaten Pasuruan.................. x
2. Teman yang membantu peneliti di Kabupaten Lamongan....................... 17
3. Dosen yang membantu mendapat ijin untuk melakukan penelitian.......... 26
4. Sebuah Masjid di Kabupaten Probolinggo................................................ 47
5. Mahasiswa ACICIS Semester ke21.......................................................... 57



















viii

---

Table of Contents, English Version

Indonesian Abstract............................................................................................................................................... iv

English Abstract.................................................................................................................................................... v
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. vi
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................. vii
Table of Contents, English Version........................................................................................................................ ix

Chapter 1: Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2: Discussion of Pesantren Literature...................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Impression of the Pesantren in Australian Media............................................................................................ 4
2.2 Impression of the Pesantren in Indonesian Media........................................................................................... 7
2.3 Non-Indonesian Academic Discourse on the Pesantren.................................................................................. 10
2.4 Indonesian Academic Discourse on Pesantren............................................................................................... 12

Chapter 3: Research Methodology......................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Research Problem and Interviewing Technique............................................................................................... 15
3.2 Research Model................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.2.1 Limitations of this Research Project............................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 Participant Recruitment and Interview Structure............................................................................ 18
3.2.3 Topics Discussed........................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Discussion of Methodological Issues................................................................................................................ 21
3.3.1 Problems Using Second Language Texts..................................................................................... 21
3.3.2 Decision Trail ................................................................................................................................ 23
3.3.3 Researcher Motivation ................................................................................................................. 24
3.3.4 Language Issues at the Interviewing Stage................................................................................... 24
3.3.5 Gaining Access, Gatekeepers and Keyholders ............................................................................ 25
3.3.6 Obtaining Interviews with Santri.................................................................................................... 28
3.3.7 Note-taking and Recording the Conversations ............................................................................. 30
3.3.8 Researcher Identity........................................................................................................................ 31
3.3.9 Ethical Issues When Leaving the Field.......................................................................................... 33
3.4 General Discussion of Methodological Issues................................................................................................... 34

Chapter 4: Thematic Discussion of Results............................................................................................................ 36

4.1 Pesantren Researched in this Study................................................................................................................. 36
4.2 The Decision to Study at a Pesantren.............................................................................................................. 39
4.3 Rules, Breaking the Rules and Punishment..................................................................................................... 40
4.4 Aspirations of Santri.......................................................................................................................................... 42
4.5 Values of Santri................................................................................................................................................. 43
4.6 Santri Attitudes Towards the non-Muslim World............................................................................................... 43
4.7 Santri Attitudes Towards Jihad and Terrorism.................................................................................................. 44
4.8 Some Differences Between NU and Muhammadiyah Santri............................................................................. 47
4.9 General Discussion of Results.......................................................................................................................... 48

Chapter 5: Conclusion............................................................................................................................................ 51

Bibliography........................................................................................................................................................... 53
A. Press, Internet and Literature............................................................................................................................. 53
B. Academic Resources ......................................................................................................................................... 54

Appendix................................................................................................................................................................. 55
A. Research Sources............................................................................................................................................... 55
B. List of Questions.................................................................................................................................................. 56

About the Author...................................................................................................................................................... 57


List of Tables

1. Pesantren researched in this study.................................................................................................................... 37

List of Images

1. Speech by an American Muslim at a pesantren in Pasuruan District................................................................. x
2. A friend who assisted the researcher in Lamongan District................................................................................ 17
3. A lecturer who helped in the process of gaining access..................................................................................... 26
4. A Masjid in Probolinggo District.......................................................................................................................... 47
5. ACICIS students from Semester 21..................................................................................................................... 57


ix

---

“We have to understand that we are not living by ourselves in the word today, there are other
nations and other peoples. We can not speak only one language – we have to learn another in
order to communicate with more people. We have to learn how to communicate with the rest of
the world.”
“Kita harus mengerti bahwa kita tidak tinggal sendiri dalam didunia ini, ada negara dan bangsa
lain. Kita sebaiknya tidak hanya berbicara dalam satu bahasa saja –tapi kita harus mempelajari
bahasa asing supaya dapat berhubungan dengan lebih banyak orang. Kita harus belajar
bagaimana caranya berhubungan dengan dunia yang berbeda.”

Mohamad Bashar Arafat



“Islam is the second largest of the world’s religions globally as well as in Europe, and it is
the third largest in America. Yet many in the West continue to function within an enourmous
information vacuum, the same one I myself suffered from over thirty years ago.”

John L. Esposito

“Any honest scholar will discover that Islam is against force or tyranny.”

Sheikh Abubaker Najaar

x

---