Pinanga in Java and Bali

PALMS
Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
JOKO R. WITONO
Center for Plant Conservation
Bogor Botanical Gardens–LIPI
Pinanga in
Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 13
Bogor 16003, Indonesia
Java and
JOHANIS P. MOGEA
Herbarium Bogoriense–LIPI
Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22
Bali
Bogor 16002, Indonesia
AND
S. SOMADIKARTA
Biology Department
Program Pascasarjana FMIPA
Universitas Indonesia
Gedung E FMIPA
Depok 16424, Indonesia
1. Pinanga javana. (Photo J.
Dransfield)
In this taxonomic account of Pinanga in Java and Bali three species are recognized. Two,
P. javana and P. arinasae, are single-stemmed. The latter is described as new. A third
species, P. coronata, is clustered. The well known P. kuhlii is shown to be a synonym of
P. coronata.
PALMS 46(4): 193–202
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Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
Pinanga consists of about 120 species, occurring
present, adaxially rounded or channelled,
from the Himalayas and south China to New
abaxially rounded, glabrous or variously
Guinea, with the greatest diversity in the wet areas
indumentose; leaflets with one to several folds,
of the Sunda Shelf and very poorly represented in
regularly to irregularly arranged, acute, acuminate,
Papuasia (Uhl & Dransfield 1987). In Indonesia,
or lobed, the lobes corresponding to the folds, the
the genus is represented by about 40 species, at
apical leaflets almost always lobed, blade
least 14 of which are endemic.
occasionally mottled, sometimes paler beneath,
often with a wide variety of scales and hairs,
Pinanga is found throughout Java, from sea level
transverse veinlets usually obscure. Inflorescence
to montane forests, but the taxonomy of Javanese
infrafoliar, usually rapidly becoming pendulous,
Pinanga has been interpreted variously in the
occasionally erect, protogynous, branching to 1
botanical literature. Scheffer (1876) recorded three
order only; peduncle short, dorsiventrally
species on the island, i.e. P. javana (Fig. 1), P. kuhlii
flattened, glabrous or tomentose in bud, quickly
and P. coronata. Beccari (1886) added P. noxa of
splitting to expose the flowers; peduncular bracts
Blume to the Javanese list. In contrast, Koorders
absent; rachis bracts triangular, inconspicuous;
(1911) mentioned that Java has only two species,
rachillae bearing spirally or distichously arranged
i.e. P. javana and P. kuhlii, while he considered P.
triads throughout their length; floral bracteoles
coronata to be synonymous with P. kuhlii.
minute. Staminate flower asymmetrical, sessile;
According to Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink,
calyx cupular with 3 triangular lobes; petals 3,
Jr. (1968), Pinanga is represented by only one taxon
triangular, joined briefly basally, valvate in bud,
in Java, namely P. coronata (Blume ex Mart.)
much exceeding the calyx lobes; stamens 12–68;
Blume. Pinanga globulifera (non Blume) Merr., P.
filaments short, anthers linear; pistillode absent.
kuhlii Blume and P. noxa Blume were all cited as
Pistillate flower usually globose, symmetrical,
synonyms. In their note, they mentioned that the
much smaller than the staminate; sepals 3,
poorly known P. javana Blume may be conspecific
membranous, striate, imbricate, distinct; petals 3,
with P. coronata. However, there was no detailed
distinct, imbricate, membranous; staminodes
taxonomic justification for the reduction in the
absent; gynoecium unilocular, uniovulate, globose,
number of species.
stigma often brightly colored (reddish to orange).
On the island of Bali, Dransfield and Mogea
Fruit globose or ellipsoidal, orange to black,
collected an unidentified species of Pinanga in
stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, shiny,
1973; this was recently referred to by Whitten
mesocarp thin, fleshy, endocarp of longitudinal
(1994) and Whitten et al. (1996) but was not
fibers, usually adhering to the seed, becoming free
studied in detail. The Balinese taxon is described
at the basal only, fruit without a solid beak. Seed
herein as new.
conforming to the fruit shape, basally attached;
Pinanga Blume
endosperm deeply ruminate; embryo basal or
lateral near the base.
Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. 1838.
Lectotype: Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.)
Key to Pinanga in Java and Bali
Blume.
1. a. Small clustering palm . . . . . . . . . P. coronata
Cladosperma Griff., Not. Plant. Asiaticas 3: 165.
b. Robust solitary palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1851. Type: C. paradoxa (Griff.) Griff. (Areca
paradoxa Griff.) ( = Pinanga paradoxa (Griff.)
2. a. Crownshaft purplish-green, covered with
Scheff.).
silvery indumentum; leaflets 35–45;
inflorescence silvery indumentose at the base
Ophiria Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. 2: 128. 1885.
Type species: O. paradoxa (Griff.) Becc. ( Areca
and verruculose; rachillae 20–30, spirally
paradoxa Griff.) ( = Pinanga paradoxa (Griff.)
arranged on the rachis; fruit obovoid . P. arinasae
Scheff.)
b. Crownshaft brownish-green, covered with
Pseudopinanga Burret, Notizb. Bot. Gart. Berlin-
scaly brown indumentum; leaflets 10–15,
Dahlem 13: 188. 1936. Type: P. insignis (Becc.)
inflorescence glabrous; rachillae 8–14, arranged
Burret ( = Pinanga insignis Becc.)
distichously and alternate on the rachis; fruit
ovoid to ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. javana
Description of the genus based on Javanese and
Balinese material
Pinanga arinasae J. R. Witono, sp. nov.
Small to robust, solitary or clustered, erect,
P. javanae affinis sed caudice solitario, vaginis
unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem
foliorum sublepidotis, frondibus pinnatisectis,
slender to moderate, with elongate internodes and
segmentis utroque latere 35–45 linearo-lanceolatis
conspicuous leaf scars. Leaves pinnate; sheaths
acuminatis, inflorescentiis lepidotis et verruculosis,
tubular, forming a well defined crownshaft; petiole
ramis (20–30) spiralibus, fructibus obovoideis.
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Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
Typus: INDONESIA. Bali, Bedugul, Bukit Tapak,
Mar 1992 Afriastini 163 (BO); seedling, May 1998
1973, Dransfield et al. JD3512 (holotypus BO;
Witono 74 (BO); flower, May 1998 Witono 75 (BO).
isotypi BH, K, L).
ECOLOGY: Occurring on a very steep hill slope on
Robust, solitary palm. Stem erect, 12–15 cm diam.,
rocky outcrops in Casuarina and Engelhardtia forest
10–12 m tall, medium brown to gray brownish;
at altitudes of 1100–1400 m above sea level.
internodes 10–25 cm, scars to 3 cm. Crownshaft
LOCAL NAMES: Nyabah, jabah or pinang jawa.
slightly swollen, 130–180 cm long, 14.0–17.5 cm
diam., yellow when young and purplish green
USES: A highly ornamental palm, popular with
when adult, covered with silvery indumentum.
local people near the botanic garden. Young fruits
Leaves 7–10 in the crown, pinnate, whole leaf
are used as a substitute for betel nut (Areca catechu),
250–330 × 240 cm; leaf-sheath to 110 cm, inside
young leaves (cabbage or umbut) can be eaten.
white and smooth, petiole 16–40 cm, deeply
Stems are used for traditional cremation
oblique, convex abaxially, silvery indumentose
ceremonies (“ngaben”), and leaf-sheaths are used
below; rachis to 215 cm, silvery indumentose
for making a “cukup” (a Balinese umbrella).
below, concave then flattened adaxially, convex
This handsome “pinang” is named for Mr. I.B.K.
abaxially, terete near the apex; leaflets 35–45 on
Arinasa who assisted us in the field. Pinanga
each side of rachis, entire, regularly arranged,
arinasae is closely related to the single-stemmed P.
linear to lanceolate, basal leaflets 50–58 × 1.0–1.8
javana from Java, P. insignis from the Philippines
cm, ribs 2, middle leaflets 90–120 × 4–5 cm, ribs
and to P. punicea from Papua and Maluku. The
2, apical leaflets 30–48 × 0.6–3 cm, ribs 2–4,
major differences between P. arinasae and the
indumentose on lower ribs, the surfaces
above mentioned species are presented in Table 1.
discolorous, upper dark green, lower pale green
when fresh, on drying becoming pale brown on
2. Pinanga javana Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat.
lower surface and dark brown on upper surface.
Néerl. 1: 65. 1838 and Rumphia 2: 81. 1839. Type:
Inflorescence infrafoliar, arcuate, eventually
Java, Blume s.n. (holotype L!).
pendulous, branched to one order only, silvery
Robust, solitary palm. Stem erect, 4–10 m tall,
indumentose at the base and verruculose, 50–55
10–15 cm diam., internodes to 10–30 cm, stem
cm long, base very stiff; prophyll pale yellow
surface green brownish, smooth, slightly fissured
distally and greenish yellow near base when fresh,
longitudinally. Crownshaft elongate, 150–200 cm
brownish yellow when dry, papery, smooth, 37 ×
long, 25 cm diam., swollen, purplish brown, with
8 cm; peduncle erect, flattened, 11–18 × 1.6–2.5
brown scales. Leaves 10 in crown, pinnate; whole
cm, rachis 18–27 × 1 cm, rachillae 20–30, spirally
leaf (including leaf-sheath, petiole, and rachis)
arranged on the rachis; rachillae bearing 16–28
250–300 cm with silvery indumentum on petiole
triads on each side, basal rachillae longer than
and rachis, very massive; leaf-sheath to 100 cm;
apical rachillae. Staminate flowers sessile, calyx
petiole to 30 cm, concave adaxially, convex
with 3 subulate sepals, 7 × 3.5 mm; corolla with
abaxially; rachis 3 cm diam.; leaflets 10–15 on
3 petals, longer than sepals, ovate, 10 × 6 mm;
each side of rachis, regularly arranged, slightly
stamens 45–68, pale yellow, 2–4 × 0.3–0.5 mm.
arcuate, elongate linear-lanceolate, falcate-sigmoid,
Pistillate flowers sessile; calyx cup-shaped, pale
equidistant, basal leaflets 65–95 × 1–6 cm, ribs
yellow, 4 mm diam. with 3 triangular imbricate
1–3, middle leaflets 70–115 × 2.7 cm, ribs 1–3,
orbicular sepals, lobes 5.5–6 × 4 mm, ciliate at
apical leaflets 19–55 × 1.5–7.5 cm, ribs 2–7.
margins, striate, apex mucronate; corolla with 3
Inflorescence infrafoliar, hand-like, spreading
cucullate free rounded, orbicular, ciliate pale
pendulous, 40–50 cm long, peduncle erect at base,
yellow petals, similar to sepals in size, striate, apex
flattened, 9–16 cm long, 0.8–1.5 cm thick;
mucronate-obtuse; ovary rounded, 3 × 2 mm. Fruit
prophyll not known; rachillae 8–13, arranged
obovoid, 12–17 × 8–12 mm. Young fruit green,
distichously alternate, at the base 23–35 cm with
mature fruit red blackish. Seed obovoid, deeply
19–21 triads, at the apex 18–27 cm with 15–17
ruminate. (Figs. 2, 3, 7, 8)
triads, peduncle, rachis, and rachillae green when
DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Bali at Bukit Tapak
young, pinkish red with age. Triads distichous,
near Eka Karya Botanic Garden. We did not find
alternate. Pistillate flower (calyx and corolla)
this species in nearby Bukit Lesung and Bukit
cream, ovary green; calyx cup-shaped, sepals 3,
Pohen. A long time ago, P. arinasae was probably
imbricate, broadly orbicular, 6–8 × 4–4.5 mm,
present there, but the habitat is now highly
smooth, thick at the middle, thin at side, with
degraded.
ciliate margins, apex mucronate; corolla with 3
cucullate rounded ciliate petals, 4–6 × 3–4 mm,
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BALI. Bukit Tapak, Apr
apex mucronate-obtuse. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid,
1973, Dransfield JD3512 (Holotype BO); sterile,
20–26 × 11–14 mm, pale pinkish yellow when
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Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
2. Distribution of Pinanga in Java and Bali. Circles = P. coronata. Squares = P. javana. Star = P. arinasae.
young, when ripe turning dark red then black,
al. 1994) but was not found when we searched for
pericarp densely fibrous, endocarp thin,
it in 1999. Specimens collected by Backer in 1914
membranous. Seed ovoid to ellipsoid, 18–21 ×
from Mt. Wilis and by Kobus from Mt. Tengger
10–13 mm, deeply ruminate. (Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6)
indicate that it once grew in East Java; however,
DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to Java, now confined to
during field observation in 1998, no P. javana was
the mountains of West Java. This species was
found in either locality. It is possible that this
recorded on Mt. Slamet (Central Java) (Whitten et
species is extinct (extirpated) at these locations.
3 (left). Pinanga arinasae, Bukit Tapak, Bali, habit. 4 (right). Pinanga coronata, detail of infructescence. (Photos: Joko
Witono)
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Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: JAVA. West Java.
and is found from Sumatra, Java, to Lesser Sunda
Mandalawangi, Mt. Pulasari, Apr 1974, Dransfield
Islands, from sea level to montane forest.
JD4185 (BO); Bogor, Mt. Salak, Apr 1971, Dransfield
JD1358 (BO); Mt. Salak, Jul 1971 Dransfield JD1758
LOCAL NAMES: Pinang hanyawar, pinang panyawar
(BO); Cibodas, Oct 1970, Dransfield JD951 (BO);
(West Java), palem barong (East Java), pinang jawa.
East Java. Kediri, Mt. Wilis, Feb 1914, Backer 11491
3. Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume,
(BO); Mt. Tengger, Kobus 204 (BO).
Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1: 65. 1838 (nomen);
ECOLOGY: Occurring on very steep hillsides in
Blume, Rumphia 2: 83. 1839. Areca coronata Blume
moist lower montane forest and damp montane
ex Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 179. 1838. Seaforthia
forest in deep soil at altitudes of 800–1,700 m
coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm.
above sea level, but not on ridgetops. Dransfield
3: 185. 1845. Ptychosperma coronata (Blume) Miq.,
collected P. javana in 1973 on Mt. Pulasari,
Fl. Ned.-Indie 24. 1855. Type: Java, Blume s.n.
Mandalawangi, West Java, where this species is
(holotype L!).
abundant in summit mossy forest at altitude 800
Pinanga kuhlii Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl.
m asl. In its morphology, P. javana is quite different
1: 65. 1838 (nomen); Blume, Rumphia 2: 82. 1839.
from P. coronata. It is a robust palm, always solitary,
Seaforthia kuhlii (Blume) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3:
and the arrangement of the rachillae is always
185. 1845. Ptychosperma kuhlii (Blume) Miq., Fl.
alternate and distichous. On the other hand, P.
Ned.-Indie 21. 1855. Type: Java, Blume s.n.
coronata is a small and clustered palm, and the
(holotype L!).
arrangement of its rachillae is always spiral. The
distribution of these species is also different.
Pinanga costata Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl.
Pinanga javana is very restricted, found only in
1: 65. 1838 (nomen); Blume, Rumphia 2 : 80. 1839;
lower montane forest (800–1,700 m asl) in West
Ptychosperma costata (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned.-Indie
and East Java, while P. coronata is more widespread,
25. 1855. Type: Java, Blume s.n. (holotype L!).
5 (left). Pinanga javana, cultivated in Cibodas, West Java. 6 (right). Pinanga javana, detail of infructescences, cultivated
in Cibodas, West Java. (Photos: J. Dransfield).
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Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
7. Pinanga arinasae: A leaf sheath, two views; B tip of petiole; C mid section of leaf. All from Dransfield et al. JD3512.
Drawn by Iskak Samsudin.
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Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
8. Pinanga arinasae: A leaf tip; B base of inflorescence just past staminate anthesis; C part of rachilla in fruit; D fruit; E
seed; F seed in cross section; G part of rachilla showing triads of flowers; H pistillate flower; I gynoecium; J petal of
pistillate flower; K staminate bud in vertical section. All from Dransfield et al. JD3512. Drawn by Iskak Samsudin.
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Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
Table 1. The major differences between Pinanga arinasae and closely related species. Data
from Scheffer (1876), Beccari (1907) and Moore and Fosberg (1956).
P. arinasae
P. insignis
P. punicea
Outer surface of crownshaft
covered with silvery
covered in appressed
covered in
indumentum
radiate scales of a
brown scaly
chestnut brown color
indumentum
Width of leaves
to 240 cm
to 150 cm
160–200 cm
Length of petiole
16–40 cm
very short or obsolete
80 cm
Apical leaflets
2–4 ribs
10 ribs
6–7 ribs
Inflorescence
50–55 cm
100 cm
50–60 cm
Length of rachillae
22–32 cm
40–50 cm
16–27 cm
Arrangement of fruit
on rachillae
distichous
distichous
spiral
Fruit
obovoid (1.2–1.7 cm
ovoid (2.4–2.5 cm
ellipsoid
long by 0.8–1.2
long by 1.3–1.4
(1.7 cm long
cm diam.)
cm diam.)
by 0.9 cm
diam.)
Pinanga noxa Blume, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1:
straight, spreading to parallel, not in same plane,
65. 1838. (nomen) Blume, Rumphia 2: 81. 1839.
basal rachillae with 19–51 triads on each side,
Ptychosperma noxa (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned.-Indie 23.
apical rachillae with 15–36 triads. Staminate flower
1885. Type: Java, Blume s.n. (holotype L!).
sessile, creamy white, stamens 12–16 (28), pale
yellow, about 3–3.5 × 0.2 – 0.4 mm. Pistillate
Small, clustered, undergrowth palm. Stems erect,
flower creamy white, sessile, calyx cup-shaped,
unbranched, 2–8 (10) m tall, 1.5–7 (10) cm diam.,
sepals orbicular to very broad orbicular, 2.5–5 ×
with internodes 4.5–12 (20) cm, scars 0.5–1.2 cm;
2–3.5 mm, membranous, striate, imbricate,
stem surface green to brownish green. Crownshaft
acuminate-mucronate-obtuse at the apex, ciliate
swollen elongate, 50–100 cm long, 2.5–10 cm
at margins; petals usually smaller than sepals,
diam., slightly wider than the stem, green,
orbicular to very broad orbicular, 2–4.5 × 2–3.5
yellowish or brownish green, or brownish to
mm, membranous, striate, imbricate, acuminate-
reddish yellow when adult, with brown scales,
mucronate-obtuse at the apex; ovary rounded,
ligule poorly developed. Leaves 4–7 in the crown;
about 1–2 × 1 mm. Fruit obovoid, ellipsoid to
whole leaf including leaf-sheath 150–300 cm; leaf-
ovoid, 11–15 × 6–10 mm, green when young
sheath 35–80 cm; petiole 20–100 cm, deeply
becoming yellow pink, red to brownish red,
oblique adaxially, convex abaxially; rachis 90–180
stigmatic remains apical; epicarp smooth, shiny;
cm, petiole and rachis smooth or silvery
mesocarp thin, fleshy; endocarp with longitudinal
indumentose below, flattened adaxially, convex
fibers. Seed conforming to the fruit, 7.5–12 × 5–7.5
abaxially, sharp near the apex; leaflets 6–30 on
mm; endosperm deeply ruminate. (Figs. 2, 4)
each side of rachis, entire, regularly arranged,
DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra, Java, to Lesser Sunda
elongate linear-lanceolate, falcate-sigmoid, basal
Islands.
leaflets 22–85 × 0.5–6.5 cm, with 1–5 ribs, middle
leaflets 32–90 × 0.8–9 cm, with 1–7 ribs, apical
SPECIMENS EXAMINED. JAVA. West Java.
leaflets 16–45 × 1.5–10 cm, with 2–13 ribs, notched
Mandalawangi, Mt.Pulasari, Apr 1974, Dransfield
to deeply cuneate to dentate, indumentose on
JD4182 (BO); Pandeglang, Ujung Kulon National
lower ribs, the surfaces discolorous, upper pale
Park, Sept 1951, Waalkes 406 (BO); Apr 1971,
green, lower dark green when fresh, on drying
Dransfield JD1448 (BO); Apr 1971, Dransfield
becoming pale brown to pale greenish brown on
JD1464 (BO); May 1992, McDonald & Afriastini
lower surface and dark brown to dark greenish
3325 (BO); Oct 1998, Witono 79 (BO); Depok, Dec
brown on upper surface. Inflorescence infrafoliar,
1894, Hallier 1894 (BO); Nov 1896, Hallier s.n.
pendulous or erect then pendulous, green when
(BO); Hallier 1899 (BO); Aug 1898, Koorders 31041
young, becoming yellow pink to red, base very
(BO); Apr 1903, Koorders 40185 (BO); Apr 1904,
stiff; peduncle flattened, 1–6.5 × 0.5–2 cm;
Koorders 40191 (BO), Koorders 40192 (BO), Koorders
prophyll 20–28 × 4.5–8 cm, pale yellow when
40193 (BO); Oct 1898, Backer 26279 (BO); Mar
fresh, light brown when dry, smooth; rachis 2–9
1921, Backer 31254 (BO); May 1939, Van Steenis
× 0.2–1 cm, smooth; rachillae 5–22, glabrous,
11236 (BO), Van Steenis 11237 (BO); Bogor, Oct
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Volume 46(4) 2002
1910, Scheffer 16317 (BO); Aug 1935, Frank 35
7 Nov 1893, Koorders 14649 (BO); Feb 1896,
(BO); Mt. Salak, Apr 1971, Dransfield JD1352 (BO),
Koorders 21686 (BO); Jul 1916, Koorders 42924 (BO);
Dransfield JD1359 (BO); Jul 1974, Yoshida 1576
Apr 1920, Backer 30620 (BO); Jul 1938, Van Steenis
(BO); Ciampea, Jul 1898, Koorders 30778 (BO); Jul
10717 (BO); Mar 1971, Dransfield JD1282 (BO);
1914, Backer 15124 (BO); Burck s.n. (BO); Ciapus,
Kobus s.n. (BO); Jember, Meru Betiri National Park,
Jun 1896, Hallier s.n. (BO); Hallier s.n. (BO);
Oct 1998, Witono 80 (BO); Situbondo, Mt.
Cipancar, Jun 1896, Scheffer s.n. (BO); Jasinga, Oct
Argopuro, Apr 1914, Backer 13258
(BO);
1970, Dransfield JD1012 (BO); Cibodas, Jul 1895,
Banyuwangi, Meru Betiri National Park, May 1973
Hallier 412 (BO); Oct 1898, Koorders 32072 (BO);
Dransfield JD3529 (BO); Oct 1998, Witono 81 (BO);
May 1914, Lörzing 1831 (BO); June 1941
Madura, Bawean Isl., Mt. Tinggi, May 1928, Karta
Bloembergen 115 (BO); May 1948, Main 136 (BO);
117 (BO). Bali. Bedugul, Bukit Tapak, May 1973,
March 1952, Meijer 35 (BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield
Dransfield JD3515 (BO); Bukit Lesung, Mar 1992,
JD1135 (BO); Mar 1979, Mogea 1715 (BO); Boerlage
Afriastini 92 (BO); Bratan Lake, Jun 1976, Meijer
s.n.; Cianjur, Jun 1900, Koorders 33369 (BO);
10538 (BO); Mt. Kelatakan, Jul 1918, Maier 64
Sukabumi, Lengkong, Nov 1970, Dransfield JD1058
(BO).
(BO); Apr 1980, Mogea 865 (BO), Mogea 866 (BO),
Mogea 867 (BO); Ploem s.n. (BO); Jampang Kulon,
ECOLOGY: Occurring on very steep hillsides in
Aug 1974, Yoshida 1888 (BO); Mt. Halimun, June
montane forest and flat areas in lowland forest,
1980, Balgooy & Wiriadinata 2902 (BO); Karawang,
from sea level to 1800 m above sea level.
De Monchy 126 (BO); Bandung, Apr 1911, Smith
LOCAL NAMES: Bing-bin (West Java), piji (Central
121 (BO); Oct 1918, Backer 26236 (BO); Aug1941,
Java, East Java, and Bali), pinang rante (East Java).
Popta 31 (BO); Feb 1971, Dransfield JD1277 (BO);
Aug 1976, Mogea 811 (BO); Oct 1976, Mogea 821
USES: Frequently cultivated as an ornamental and
(BO), Mogea 822 (BO); Garut, Jan 1897, Koorders
sometimes used for building material.
26673 (BO); Bukit Himalaya Nature Reserve, Feb
NOTES: Blume described P. kuhlii based on a
1999, Witono 89 (BO); Feb 1999, Witono 90 (BO);
specimen apparently from West Java (Java
Tasikmalaya, Aug 1913, Backer 8987 (BO); Aug
Occidentalis). Beccari (1886) mentioned that the
1913, Backer 9044 (BO); Jul 1917, Koorders 44345
(BO); Jan 1971, Dransfield JD1153 (BO); Jan 1971,
type locality of P. kuhlii was Cisoka, West Java.
Dransfield JD1212 (BO); Cirebon, Mt. Ciremai, Oct
This locality is in Lebak District, Pandeglang
1912, Backer 5059 (BO); Mt. Beser, Jun 1917, Backer
Regency, Banten Province. Index Kewensis says
22611 (BO); Jun 1917, Smith 726 (BO); Mt.
that the type locality of P. kuhlii is Malaya. This
Cikukur, Mar 1914, Backer 12899 (BO); Mt Hiyang,
information is incorrect, and indeed no specimen
Oct 1913, Backer 9652 (BO); Mt. Masigit, Mar 1914,
or record has ever been documented from Malaya.
Lörzing 1241 (BO); Mt. Windu, Apr 1909,
Pinanga coronata was described based on a
Soegandiredja 233 (BO); West Java, Apr 1938, Franck
specimen from Megamendung, on the slopes of
121 (BO); Mausjet 581 (BO); Raap 484 (BO); Central
Mt. Gede-Pangrango, to the south-east of Bogor in
Java, Cilacap, Nusa Kambangan Island, Nov 1907,
West Java. Again Index Kewensis incorrectly cites
Legign (BO); Nov 1938, Kostermans 92 (BO);
the type locality of P. coronata as Celebes; however,
Purwokerto, Mt. Slamet, Pancuran Tujuh, Feb
P. coronata has so far never been found in Celebes.
1999, Witono 85 (BO); Purbalingga, Mt. Slamet,
Goa Lawa, Feb1999, Witono 89 (BO); Tegal, Jan
Blume (1839) separated P. kuhlii and P. coronata
1919, Beumée 3699 (BO); Pekalongan, Mt. Prabata,
primarily based on leaves and growth of the
Sept 1914, Backer 15970 (BO); Kendal, Kaliwungu,
inflorescence. The rachis of P. kuhlii is covered
Cordes s.n. (BO); Yogyakarta, Teysmann s.n. (BO);
with small scales on the abaxial surface, the leaflets
Kudus, Mt. Muria, Nov 1951, Kostermans 6265
are broad (lanceolate to falcate), 10–13 in number
(BO); Jepara, Ngarengan, May 1899, Koorders 33226
and the inflorescence is pendulous. Characters of
(BO); May 1899, Koorders 33619 (BO), Koorders
P. coronata are rachis smooth, leaflets narrow
33620 (BO); May 1916, Beumée 587 (BO);
(linear to elongate), numerous, and inflorescence
Rembang, Apr 1904, Koorders 36522 (BO); Feb
erect then pendulous. Specimens that were
1914, Koorders 42260 (BO; East Java. Madiun, Mt.
collected from lowlands usually have characters
Wilis, Oct 1892, Koorders 6132 (BO); May 1896,
similar to P. kuhlii, but specimens from montane
Koorders 23153 (BO); Nov 1900, Koorders 38635
forest (>1000 m above sea level) usually have
(BO); Kediri, Jun 1896, Koorders 22959 (BO); Mt.
characters similar to P. coronata. In fact, between
Wilis, Feb 1914, Backer 11836 (BO); Dec 1998,
P. kuhlii and P. coronata, there are intermediate
Witono 82 (BO); Dec 1998, Witono 83 (BO); Witono
forms. Based on this evidence we conclude that
84 (BO); Malang, Mar 1971, Dransfield JD1330
the clustered Pinanga of Java and Bali represents
(BO); Jul 1980, Mogea 2538 (BO); Besuki, Mt. Ijen,
a single species.
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PALMS
Witono et al.: Pinanga in Java and Bali
Volume 46(4) 2002
Pinanga costata and P. noxa, are reduced to P.
BLUME, C.L. 1838. Revue des palmiers de l’archipel
coronata because they have similar characters and
des indes orientalis. Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl.
are indistinguishable in the field and in the
1: 65.
herbarium.
BLUME, C.L. 1838–1843. Rumphia, sive
Pinanga coronata was chosen by Beccari and Pichi-
commentationes botanicae imprimis de plantis
Sermolli (1955) as the type of the genus Pinanga,
Indiae Orientali 2. Lugduni Batavorum.
because Pinanga was first published by Blume, not
in Rumphia (1838–1843), but in Bulletin des
BURRET, M. 1940. Palmen und Tiliaceen von der
Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande vol. 1
Südsee aus der Sammlung des Bernice P. Bishop
(1838). Although the genus Pinanga was described
Museums, Honolulu, Hawaii. Notizblatt Botan.
in the Bulletin, the species were merely listed and
Gartens Berlin-Dahlem 15: 200–210.
are nomina nuda. Before Rumphia 2 was published,
FERNANDO, E.S. 1983. A revision of the genus Nenga.
Martius published Historia Naturalis Palmarum, vol.
Principes 27: 55–70.
3 (1838), in which he made the combination Areca
coronata, which is the first validly published name
KOORDERS, S.H. 1911. Exkursions Flora von Java 1:
for this species. The valid name of the clustered
Monokotyledonen. Verlag von Gustav Fischer,
Pinanga in Java and Bali is thus P. coronata (Blume
Jena.
ex Mart.) Blume.
KOORDERS, S.H. 1922. Flora von Tjibodas umfassend
Other names for clustered Pinanga in Java are P.
die Blütenpflanzen 1 (2): 27–31.
nenga which was published by Blume (1838–1843),
and P. neglecta which was published by Burret
MARTIUS, C.F.P. 1836–1850. Historia naturalis
(1940). Pinanga nenga is the type of the genus
palmarum, expositio systematica 3:179–185.
Nenga. At present, the correct name for it is Nenga
MIQUEL, F.A.W. 1855. Flora van Nederlandsch
pumila. Pinanga neglecta is synonymous with Nenga
Indië. Fried Fleischer. Leipzig.
pumila (Fernando1983).
Acknowledgments
MOORE, H.E. JR. AND F.R. FOSBERG. 1956. The palms
of Micronesia and the Bonin Islands. Gentes
This work was supported by the Montgomery
Herbarum 8: 423–478.
Botanical Center, Miami, Florida, USA, through
The Indonesian Botanic Gardens and GEF, to
SCHEFFER, R.H.C.C. 1876. Sur quelques palmiers du
which I am grateful. Thanks are also given to the
groupe des Arecinées. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
director of Herbarium Bogoriense and her staff,
1: 103–164.
who made illustrations, the collection manager of
UHL, N.W. AND J. DRANSFIELD. 1987. Genera
Rijksharbarium Leiden, who provided herbarium
Palmarum, a classification of palms based on
pictures, Dr. Dedy Darnaedy, Himmah Rustiami,
the work of H.E. Moore, Jr. L.H. Bailey
Dr. John Dransfield, Dr. Terrence W. Walters, Dr.
Hortorium and the International Palm Society,
Larry R. Noblick, who gave their time to discuss
various aspects of taxonomic problems.
Lawrence, Kansas.
LITERATURE CITED
WHITMORE, T.C. 1973. Palms of Malaya. Oxford
B
University Press, London.
ACKER, C.A. AND
R.C. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN
BRINK.1968. Flora of Java 3. NVP. Noordhoff,
WHITTEN, A.J. 1994. Conservation of Java’s Flora.
Groningen.
In SUHIRMAN, G. BUTTLER, FUADDINI, J. PFEIFFER, M.
BECCARI, O. 1886–1890. Malesia 3. 432p.
RICHARDSON AND SUHENDAR (eds.). Strategies for
Flora Conservation in Asia. The Kebun Raya
BECCARI, O. 1907. Philippine palms 1. Philippine
Conference Proceedings. Kebun Raya Indonesia-
J. Science 2: 223–225.
LIPI, Bogor. pp. 49–76.
BECCARI, O. AND R.E.G. PICHI-SERMOLLI. 1955.
Subfamiliae Arecoidearum Palmae gerontogeae,
WHITTEN, T., R.E. SOERIAATMADJA AND S.A. AFFIF. 1996.
tribuum et generum conspectus. Webbia 11:
The Ecology of Indonesia. The Ecology of Java
1–188.
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