PREPOSITIONAL VERBS AND PHRASAL VERBS

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PREPOSITIONAL VERBS AND
PHRASAL
VERBS


INTRODUCTION

Many English verbs consist of two parts: a base verb (like bring, take, come) and another
small word (like up, down, off, away). The small word is either a preposition or an adverb
particle.
In some cases, the meaning of a two-part verb is simply a combination of the meanings
of the two words. Examples are come in, run away, walk across, sit on.
In some cases, the first word keeps its meaning, but the second has a special intensifying
sense. It means something like completely or thoroughly. Examples: break up, tire out.
In other cases, the new two-part verb has quite a different meaning from the two separate
parts: give up means surrender, and blow up means explode.


PREPOSITIONAL
VERBS

There are a very large number of combinations of verb+preposition. Prepositions always
have objects:

Please look after the children.
I've fallen for you in a big way.

In English, the preposition does not always come before its object; in certain kinds of
sentence, it can come at the end of the clause: What are you talking about?
Prepositional verbs are those which accept the passive and/or the pronominal question,
but not the adverbial question form.


PHRASAL
VERBS

When a verb is used with an adverb particle the combination is called a phrasal verb.
There are a very large number of these in English. The meaning of a phrasal verb is often very
different from the meanings of the two words taken separately. In order to understand the
meaning of a phrasal verb, you may have to refer to the dictionary. Phrasal verbs can be
intransitive (not followed by a direct object) or transitive (followed by a direct object).
Examples.

break down (transitive)

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get up (transitive)
sit down (transitive)
turn up (transitive)

Intransitives:
bring something up (=mention it)
kick somebody out (=expel him)
put something off (=postpone it)
throw something away (=accommodate him)
turn something down (=refuse it).

When a phrasal verb has a direct object, the two parts of the verb can usually be
separated: the adverb particle can be put before or after the object.

We'll have to put off the party/put the party off.
Why don't you throw away that stupid hat/throw that stupid hat away?
Could you put up my sister/put my sister up for three nights?

However, when the object is a pronoun, the adverb particle can only go after the object:

We'll have to put it off.
Could you put her up?

Phrasal and prepositional verbs display certain phonological and syntactic differences.

1.
Phonological differences. The particle in phrasal verbs is normally stressed and, in final
position, bears the nuclear tone, whereas the particle of a prepositional verb is normally
unstressed and has the "tail" of the nuclear tone on the lexical verb:

He called 'up the man The man was called ÙP
He 'called on the man The man was CÀLLED on.

2.
Syntactic differences. A syntactic difference is that the particle of a phrasal verb can
often stand either before or after the noun, whereas it can only stand after a personal
pronouns as it can be stated above.


PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL
VERBS

There are a few verbs which consist of three parts: a base verb, an adverb particle and a
preposition: to get on with, to put up with, to check up on. These look complicated, but in fact,
they are used in the same way as any other prepositional verb. For example, to get on with

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follows the same rules as to go with. Compare:

I get on well with Jill.
I often go to the theatre with Jill.
He's difficult to put up with.
He's difficult to work with.



IS THE VERB A PHRASAL/PREPOSITIONAL VERB OR NOT?


SEMANTIC CRITERIA FOR PHRASAL/PREPOSITIONAL VERBS.

The semantic unity in phrasal and prepositional verbs can often be manifested by
substitution with a single-word verbs, for example: visit for call on, summon for call up, omit for
leave out, see for look at, etc.
Furthermore, phrasal and prepositional verbs often have composite meanings which are
not normally deducible from their parts, for example, make out (understand), take in (deceive),
come by (obtain). The terms phrasal and prepositional verbs are not, however, restricted to such
idiomatic combinations. We can distinguish three subclasses:

a.
The verb and the particle keep their individual lexical meanings, as in look over (inspect),
set up (organize). The individuality of the components appears in possible contrastive
substitutions: bring in/out, take in/out, turn on/off, switch on/off.

b.
The verb alone keeps its basic lexical meaning and the particle has an intensifying
function: find out (discover). sweep (up) the crumbs, spread (out) the rug.

c.
The verb and the particle are fused into a new idiomatic combination, the meaning of
which is not deducible from its parts, for example, bring up (educate), come by (obtain),
put off (postpone), turn up (appear), come in for (receive). In such combinations there is
no possibility of contrastive substitution: there are no pairs such as bring up/down, put
off/on, give up/down, give in/out, etc for this subclass. The adverbial, lexical values of
the particles have been lost, and the entire verb-particle combination has acquired a new
meaning.



SYNTACTIC CRITERIA FOR PHRASAL/PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

1. Passivization. The syntactic similarity of these verbs can be seen in their acceptance of
passivization:

The man was called up

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The man was called on
The man was put up with

In the passive, these verbs behave identically with single-word transitive verbs (The man
was called).

2. Pronominal question form. The questions of these verbs are formed with who(m) for
personal and with what for non-personal objects:

Who(m) did John call up?
What did John look for?

3. Adverbial question form. The prepositional phrases of the second set have adverbial
function, and have question forms with where, when, how, etc:

Where did John call from?
When did John call?.



IS THE VERB A PHRASAL VERB OR A PREPOSITIONAL VERB?

1. Phrasal verbs. We say that a verb is phrasal because the particle after it is an adverb. They a
different to prepositional verbs because:

1.
The accent is on the particle, not on the verb.
I'll put 'ON my trousers.

2.
If the complement is a pronoun, it cannot be placed after the particle.
*I'll put on THEM.

3.
An adverb can't be placed between the verb and the particle.
*I'll put CAREFULLY on my trousers.

4.
The particle cannot be placed before the relative pronoun.
*The trousers ON which I put.

5.
The object (substantive) can be placed between the verb and the particle.
I'll put MY TROUSERS on.

6.
The pronoun (object) must be placed between the verb and the particle.
I'll put THEM on.
2. Prepositional verbs. We say that a verb is prepositional when the particle is not an adverb but

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a preposition. They can be distinguished from the phrasal verbs for the following reasons:

1.
The accent is on the verb, not on the particle.
I'll 'LOOK after the children.

2.
If the object (substantive) is substituted by a pronoun, it must be placed after the particle.
I'll look after THEM.

3.
It is grammatically acceptable to include an adverb between the verb and the particle.
I'll look CAREFULLY after the children.

4.
The particle can be placed before a relative pronoun.
These are the children AFTER WHOM I looked.



PHRASAL VERBS SUMMARISED

Phrasal verbs can be summarised as follows:



TYPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLES



1
Verb+preposition
We came across an old man.



2
Verb+adverb particle
Don't give in.



3
Verb+object+adverb particle or
Bring a child up/Bring up a child/Bring him up.
Verb+adverb particle+object



4
Verb+adverb particle+
We've run out of bread
preposition.

Type 1. VERB+PREPOSITION+NP: Prepositions are unstressed, unless otherwise
indicated, passive frequently used where an example of it is used. Examples:



VERB
MEANING
EXAMPLE



Be about (it)
be doing it
Please get me some stamps, and post these letters while
you're about it.



Break into
enter (by force or for robbery)
Thieves broke into the house last night. The house was
broken into.


Close with
1. approach so as to hold.
1. Two policemen closed with the hijacker and held by

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2. conclude a business deal
the arms.
2. I've sold my house. I closed with a buyer yesterday.



Come a'cross
1. Find.
1. If you should come across my sleepers, put them in
2. Meet by chance.
the cupboard, will you?
2. I came across a very strange man in the village today.



Do with'out
manage otherwise
If there's no bread, we must do without it, that's all.



Get at
1. mean
1. What exactly are you getting at?
2. criticise
2. Are you getting at me? Am I being got at?



Get 'over
recover from
You've only got a slight cold. You'll get over it in a day
or two.



Go for
attack
The dog suddenly went for me!



Go 'into
investigate
The auditors have gone into our accounts and have
found a few serious mistakes. These must be gone into
immediately.



Jump at
accept immediately
It's an offer that you won't get again so I should jump
at it if I were you.


Type 2. VERB+ADVERB PARTICLE. Particle always stressed, no passive.



VERB
MEANING
EXAMPLE



Answer back
argue after receiving an order
Do what I tell you and don't answer back.
or rebuke.



Back down
become less aggressive
Bullies often back down when you stand up to them.



Bear up
not give in to fatigue, sorrow
In spite of her grief, she bore up bravely throughout the
etc.
ceremony.



Break off
stop (a meeting, speech)
I suggest we break off now and meet again at three
o'clock.



Carry on
continue
Don't stop, carry on.



Catch up
reduce the distance between
George is running forth but he's beginning to catch up
oneself and those in front
(with the leaders)



Clear up
improve
The clouds are drifting away and the weather is
clearing up.



Draw back
step back
Seeing the snake, he drew back in horror.



Fall back
retreat
The defeated army fell back.

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Fall through
come to nothing
I'm afraid our plans have fallen through. We'll have to
think again.


Type 3. VERB+OBJECT+PARTICLE or VERB+PARTICLE+OBJECT. Particle
stressed when it follows the object, passive freely used.



VERB
MEANING
EXAMPLES



Bear out
confirm
The results of the experiment bear out your theory. It
has been borne out by statistics.



Break down
1. overcome
1. Resistance was finally broken down.
2. analyse
2. Can you break down these figures and let me have
the details?



Carry on
continue
Let us carry on the good work.



Carry out
fulfill
Let us carry out our original plan.



Cut off
1. stop (supplies)
1. They will cut the electricity off if you don't pay the
2. separate; or prevent
bill.
progress
2. The tanks advanced rapidly, cutting us off (from our
base).



Do up
repair, redecorate
Your car looks very smart. Has it been done up?



Give up
1. surrender
1. I want your gun. Give it up.
2. stop
2. Why don't you give up smoking?



Lay out
1. spread in an orderly way.
1. A printed page is easy to read if you lay it out clearly.
2. knock down, perhaps
2. Bob, who knew how to box, , laid out his attacker
unconsciously
with a quick blow to the chin.



Look up
look in a dictionary, catalogue,
Look that word up in the dictionary.
etc, for.



Make out
understand
I can't make out what you've written


Type 4. VERB+PARTICLE+PREPOSITION+NP. Particle stressed.



VERB
MEANING
EXAMPLES



Back out of
withdraw from
You've signed an arrangement and you can't back out
of it now.



Be fed up with
have had enough of
I'm fed up with your nonsense. Please stop it.

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Be up to
be doing something wrong
What are those boys doing? Are they up to mischief?



Break in on
interrupt
I'm sorry, did I break in on a private conversation?



Cut down on
reduce consumption of
You're smoking too much. You must cut down on
cigarettes.



Drop in on
visit, see, drop in
Drop in on me some time.



Face up to
be realistic
You're too old. Why don't you face up to it?



Fall in with
agree to
You can rely on me. I'll fall in with anything you
suggest.



Get away with
escape the penalty of
Someone will find you out. You won't be able to get
away with it.



Get on with
1. make progress with
1. John is getting on with his mathematics nicely.
2. agree with
2. They get on with each other very well.


EXERCISES

1. Decide which of the following are true. There is more than one correct answer in each
case.
1. If you use these verbs, you are talking about money:
pay up, rattle through, club together, tamper with, settle up, splash out, shop around.
2. If you use these verbs, you're talking about food or drink:
opt out, dine out, drink to, dispose of, boil over, stock up, romp through.
3. If you use these verbs, you are talking about sleep or rest:
butt in, doze off, sit down, lie in, sit back, lash out, flake out.

2. Try to find one phrasal verb in each group which is inappropriate.

1. do up, take on, pack off, board up a flat.
2. scale down, smooth over, think over, weed out, sort out, hush up a problem.
3. rub out, colour in, cross out, pin up, piece together, tear up, doll up a picture.
4. draw up, rush through, rule out, thrash out, frighten away, hammer out an argument.
5. soak up, top up, wipe out, wipe away, hammer out a liquid.
6. bail out, hunt down, fight off, shoot down, track down, smooth over a criminal.
7. fill in, fill up, shoot down, tear up, tidy away a form.
8. frighten away, warn off, throw out, fight off, add up an intruder.


3. Rewrite the following sentences using ergative phrasal verbs.

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1. He woke her up. She

2. He wakes his wife up at 8am. His wife

3. They have closed down the old cinema. The old cinema

4. They will check passengers in at 1.30. Passengers



4. Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs.
1.
I don't care____________________the expense; I want the party to be a real success.
2.
I can't account____________________the disappearance of the pictures; they were all
there yesterday.
3.
If passports were done____________________(abolished), travel would be much
simpler.
4.
You will have to allow____________________some extra expenses on the train.
5.
They set____________________on their camping trip with great enthusiasm.
6.
When you have thought____________________what I have said, you will understand.
7.
He doesn't care____________________continental cookery. He thinks it's too rich.
8.
The car pulled____________________beside me and the driver asked me the way to
Piccadilly.
9.
You can throw____________________the packet; it's empty.
10.
They set____________________at six and reached their destination before dark.
11.
The doctor thinks he'll pull____________________now. His temperature has gone
down.
12.
I don't know how she manages to care____________________ten children without
help.
13.
My children are picking____________________English very quickly but I find it more
difficult.
14.
She fainted but they brought her____________________by throwing cold water on her
face.
15.
The teacher pointed____________________several mistakes that the student had not
corrected.
16.
You need capital before you can set____________________on your own in any kind of
business.
17.
He suddenly threw____________________his job and went to Australia.
18.
Don't make up your mind at once; talk it____________________with your lawyer first.
19.
The room needs doing____________________; it's very shabby.
20. The factory will have to close down if production is not
stepped____________________.
21.
His final argument brought me____________________to his point of view.
22.
We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets____________________.
23.
I don't like the look of these men hanging____________________outside my gate.
24.
He picked____________________all the biggest ones for himself.
25.
You must carry____________________ the instructions on the packet exactly.

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26.
After the music had died____________________there was a storm of applause.
27.
The mob burnt____________________several important buildings in the riots.
28.
The wearing of national costume has largely died____________________in Europe.
29. These children are very polite; they have obviously been well brought
____________________.
30.
She carried ____________________with her work in spite of all interruptions.

5. Combinations with clear, cut, fall, hold, let and hand. Put the correct prepositions or
adverbs.
1.
Clear____________________your books. I want to set the table for lunch.
2.
The army fell____________________when the enemy attacked.
3.
You should cut____________________this tree. It is too near the house.
4. The examination was so easy that all the candidates
handed____________________their answer papers after the first hour.
5.
My plans for starting a restaurant fell____________________for lack of capital.
6.
Our water supply was cut____________________because the pipe burst.
7.
At the end of term attendance at these classes usually falls____________________.
8.
Mary has cut____________________all the pictures in this magazine; her mother will
be very angry.
9.
I hope the rain holds____________________until my washing is dry.
10.
They won't let you____________________if you aren't a member of the club.
11.
The mounted police cleared____________________the crowds.
12.
A heavy snowfall held____________________the trains from the north.
13.
If you really want to slim you must cut____________________on sweets.
14.
The two brothers fell____________________over their father's will.
15.
You would recover your sense of taste if you cut ____________________ smoking
altogether.
16.
If you will hold____________________I'll put you through to Enquiries.
17.
If he refuses to fall____________________my plans I can probably find someone more
co-operative.
18.
These folk songs have been handed____________________from generation to
generation.
19.
She has grown so much that her mother will have to let____________________all her
dresses.
20.
Children, you must clear____________________this mess before going to bed.
21.
I was cut____________________in the middle of my call because I had no more money
to put in the box.
22.
The burglar cleared____________________when he heard me coming downstairs.
23.
The retiring general handed____________________to his successor.
24.
I should feel very cut____________________if I lived more than twenty kilometres
from the town.
25.
The soldiers fell____________________and marched off.

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