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Procurement of beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin in households of Brazil's urban areas
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An assessment was made of the consumer accessibility by income to carotenoids in the eleven major Brazilian urban centers.
The consumption data published by the POF (National Household Budget Survey, 1995-1996) and the Brazilian database on
food carotenoids provided the basis for the study. The USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for US foods was used whenever
the carotenoid content was not found locally. Prudent individual daily intakes of beta-carotene (3 to 6mg), pro-vitamins A
(5.2 to 6mg) and total carotenoids (9 to 18mg) were far from attained by the poorer households in all of the regions studied,
but the availability rose as the level of income increased in all regions. The principal foods identified, which significantly
contributed to the carotenoid supply were: (?-carotene) carrots, squash, mango and tomato, (lycopene) tomato, tomato sauce,
watermelon and papaya, (lutein and zeaxanthin) corn flour, kale, lettuce and orange. The study suggests that consumption
of carotenogenic foods in Brazil may have been low at the time, despite the wide natural distribution and abundance in the
country. The implications that low consumption of carotenogenic foods may have on public health came to be better known
in more recent years, but the data should be useful when comparing with the 2002/2003 POF.
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Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Procurement of ?-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin
in households of Brazil’s urban areas
Renata Maria Padovani and Jaime Amaya-Farfán
An assessment was made of the consumer accessibility by income to carotenoids in the eleven major Brazilian urban centers.
The consumption data published by the POF (National Household Budget Survey, 1995-1996) and the Brazilian database on
food carotenoids provided the basis for the study. The USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for US foods was used whenever
the carotenoid content was not found local y. Prudent individual daily intakes of beta-carotene (3 to 6mg), pro-vitamins A
(5.2 to 6mg) and total carotenoids (9 to 18mg) were far from attained by the poorer households in al of the regions studied,
but the availability rose as the level of income increased in al regions. The principal foods identified, which significantly
contributed to the carotenoid supply were: (?-carotene) carrots, squash, mango and tomato, (lycopene) tomato, tomato sauce,
watermelon and papaya, (lutein and zeaxanthin) corn flour, kale, lettuce and orange. The study suggests that consumption
of carotenogenic foods in Brazil may have been low at the time, despite the wide natural distribution and abundance in the
country. The implications that low consumption of carotenogenic foods may have on public health came to be better known
in more recent years, but the data should be useful when comparing with the 2002/2003 POF.
Key words: Brazilian national consumption survey, carotenoids, fruit and vegetable consumption, food habits and income,
nutrition education
Aquisição de ?-caroteno, licopeno, luteína e zeaxantina em
domicílios urbanos brasileiros
A disponibilidade dos carotenóides provitamínicos-A, licopeno, luteína e zeaxantina foi determinada e analisada segundo a
renda nos domicílios de nove regiões metropolitanas brasileiras, no município de Goiânia e no Distrito Federal. Utilizaram-se
para tanto os dados publicados pela Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 1995-1996 e a base nacional de dados em carotenóides.
Quando o teor de carotenóides de um gênero não era encontrado, consultou-se a USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for US
Foods. As ingestões individuais diárias prudentes de beta-caroteno (3 a 6mg), carotenóides provitamínicos-A (5,2 a 6mg) e
carotenóides totais (9 a 18mg) não puderam ser alcançadas em qualquer uma das regiões, mas a disponibilidade aumentou
de acordo com os recebimentos em todas as regiões estudadas. Os principais alimentos identificados que contribuíram
para o fornecimento de carotenóides nas regiões pesquisadas foram: cenoura, abóbora, manga e tomate (beta-caroteno),
tomate, massa de tomate, melancia e mamão (licopeno) e fubá de milho, couve, alface e laranja (luteína e zeaxantina). O
levantamento sugere que à época, existia baixo consumo de carotenóides de origem alimentar no Brasil, apesar de sua ampla
abundância natural no país. As implicações que esse tipo de abstenção alimentar pode trazer para a saúde da população
tornaram-se bem conhecidas em anos mais recentes, porém os dados podem ser úteis quando se fizer comparação com
os das POF 2002/2003.
Palavras-chave: carotenóides, disponibilidade, POF, consumo de frutas e verduras, hábitos alimentares.
1 Department of Food & Nutrition of the State University of Campinas and the Center for Food Security Studies – NEPA – UNICAMP;
R. Monteiro Lobato, 80. Cidade Universitária, 13.083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Jaime Amaya-Farfán, E-mail: jaf@fea.unicamp.br (Work
presented at the XXII IVACG Meeting, Lima, Peru. November 2004).
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
49
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Introduction
plasma levels within the range that is associated with a
low risk of chronic diseases. Thus, food guides in the
Epidemiological studies indicate that an abundant
United States and the National Cancer Institute advice
consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with
that adhering to the proposed diet would be equivalent
a low incidence of cancer, cardiovascular and age-related
to consuming from 5.2 to 6mg/day of provitamin-A
degenerative diseases (Block et al., 1992; Willet, 1994;
carotenoids, from a varied diet containing fruits and
Ames et al., 1995). Despite this important relationship
vegetables (Lachance, 1997). Canadian food guides
between diet and health, Brazil like many other
in turn recommend similar intakes (Health Canada,
countries lack nation-wide data on the consumption
1997), while other health institutes based on food
of carotenoids as health indicators.
consumption recommend approximately from 9 to
18mg/day (WCRF/AICR, 1997).
Among the more than 600 carotenoids
encountered in nature, ?-carotene, ?-carotene,
The Brazilian National Household Budget
lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin and ?-cryptoxanthin
Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar, POF) is a nation-
are the major members of this family found in our
wide direct food purchase survey, useful as an indirect
diet, with ?-carotene, ?-carotene and ?-cryptoxanthin
estimate of food consumption by the population.
exhibiting vitamin-A activity.
The present study analyzes the POF (1995-1996)
Besides the provitamin-A functionality of
data from the point of view of the household availability
this restricted group, a general antioxidant and
of carotenoids, particularly with regard to ?-carotene,
protecting activity to the human body is widely
lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin, in the nine contemporary
recognized, increasing immunocompetence and
Brazilian metropolitan regions, the Federal District and
inhibiting the occurrence of mutagenesis and pre-
the municipality of Goiania. It was also desirable to
malignant lesions. In general, carotenoids protect
identify the food items that most significantly contributed
animal tissues by virtue of their physical-chemical
to the intake of such substances, according to ten revenue
properties by means of one or more of the following
brackets in the population.
mechanisms: extinction of singlet oxygen species,
quenching of peroxyl radicals, modulation of the
Methodology
metabolism of carcinogenic substances, inhibition
of abnormal cel proliferation, enhancement of
The adopted procedure utilized the data on
retinoid-mediated cell differentiation, stimulation of
food purchases by 16,013 households (household
inter-cel ular communication, enhancement of the
availability) of the Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar
immune response and blue light filtration (Olson,
(POF 1995-1996; IBGE, 1997), and converted to
1999). The ability that certain carotenoids to inhibit
per-capita availability of carotenoids. These data were
non-photochemical fluorescence and function as
collected and compiled by sampling the households
ancillary pigments in the macula of primates, has also
of 10 metropolitan regions: Rio de Janeiro, Porto
been reported, while the consumption of lutein and
Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Recife, São Paulo, Belém,
zeaxanthin is associated with a lower risk of macular
Fortaleza, Salvador, Curitiba, in addition to the
degeneration and cataract (Mares-Perlman et al., 2002;
Federal District and the city of Goiânia (IBGE,
Moeller et al., 2000).
2001). The survey specified expenses with regard to
the family’s total revenue, proceeding from wages and
Presently, the Institute of Medicine (2000)
otherwise, divided into ten income levels. As a whole,
has not issued official recommendations for the
these regions represented 37.7% of all city dwellers
ingestion of carotenoids. There are, however,
and 29.8% of the Brazilian population. Sample size
statements alerting about the “prudent levels of
calculation and random sorting of the households
ingestion” commensurate with good health, endorsed
fol owed procedures described on pages 13-17 (IBGE,
by US federal agencies and other organizations that
1997). Among the limitations of the survey’s data it
recommend reasonable ingestions of fruits and
is pertinent to mention the lack of information on
vegetables. Based on population studies, the IOM
availability by individual and the precise amount of
suggests a daily prudent ingestion of 3 to 6mg of
the purchased food to be consumed (Helsing, Becker,
?-carotene from food sources, in order to maintain
1991).
50
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
The levels of total income were ranked in terms
“others” by the automatic recovery system (SIDRA of
of multiples of the Minimum wage (MW=R$112,00)
the IBGE), the average nutrient content of the specific
and re-grouped into the following strata: up to 2MW,
food list of the IBGE was used (Padovani, 2003).
2-3, 3-5, 5-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-15, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30 and
more than 30MW (IBGE, 2001).
Results
In order to determine the per-capita food
Carotenoids
consumption for every household, per year, the IBGE
divided the sum-total of food products acquired along
The household availability of the five most
the year by the number of individuals in each category.
abundant food carotenoids acquired in the nine
The information was col ected by means of data sheets
metropolitan regions of Brazil and the cities of
denominated “Cadernetas de Despesa Coletiva-POF 3”,
Brasília-DF and Goiânia, are shown in Table 1.
where detailed daily information was entered along
From these general data it became evident that the
seven consecutive days, including the description of
availability of ?-carotene was low for the poorer strata
the products characteristics, quantity, units, amount
of the population. Over-all, the procurement ranged
paid and place of purchase.
from 189?g (São Paulo, revenue bracket ?2MW) to
2654?g (São Paulo, bracket 20 – 30MW).
The groups of products were those acquired
with the specific purpose of consumption within
Considering the procurement for ?-carotene,
the household and included: cereals and legumes,
sources ample variation was also observed. Access
leafy vegetables, fruits, coconut, nuts, flours, fecula
to this carotenoid ranged from 26?g (São Paulo,
and pasta, breads, meats, offal, fishes, birds and eggs,
?2MW) to 559?g per day (Belo Horizonte, 2 to 3
milk products, sugar and sugary products, salts and
MW). With respect to ?-cryptoxanthin, the lowest
condiments, fats and oils, beverages and infusions,
procurement (27?g) was found in Recife (?2MW)
ready-to-eat foods, industrialized mixtures, among
while the highest was in Salvador (447?g), in families
others. Some products did not have their consumption
of more than 30MW.
recorded due to incomplete information about
quantity, representing 10.92% of the total expenses
The daily procurement for lycopene sources
with food (IBGE, 1997).
varied from 169 (Fortaleza, families with ?2MW,
to 3640?g (Salvador, stratum with >30MW).
Food carotenoid database
Furthermore, the daily procurement of zeaxanhtin
and lutein, together, was found to be between 39 in
The carotenoid contents of the food items
the metropolitan region of Belém (?2MW) and 854?g,
were preferential y those obtained and compiled by
in the Federal District (>30MW).
the carotenoid laboratory of the State University of
Campinas, Brazil, and several others of Brazilian origin
Identification of the principal food sources
acquired by modern and accurate methods. When no
Brazilian data were available on a specific food item, the
Considering that the consumption profile
USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for U.S. Foods were
of fruits and vegetables could be indicative of
used (Holden et al., 1999). Details on the selection of the
the prevalence of certain pathologies typical of a
data for individual food items are available elsewhere
population and be linked to a socio-economic class,
(Padovani, 2003). A Microsoft Excel worksheet was
it was deemed important to attempt to identify the
designed for correcting the actual amounts purchased
principal sources of these nutrients. In each region, the
of those foods whose edible portion was not 100%
foods responsible for the bulk of the access of each
(Silva, Monerat, 1986) into the possibly ingested
carotenoid by the population were identified. The per-
portions and subsequently converting these into
cent contribution of each food item are apparent in
amounts of carotenoids ingested.
Tables 2, 3 and 4. For the sake of simplicity, only items
that at any one revenue level contributed with 3% or
Food items purchased in minute amounts by the
more of the total procurement for each carotenoid,
families were not itemized by the IBGE. For such
were considered.
miscellaneous or unidentified food items termed as
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
51
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 1: Per-capita procurement of the five principal carotenoids (?g/day) in the Brazilian metropolitan regions, Brasília
and Goiânia, according to ten strata of family revenue (in multiples of the Minimum wage).
Urban Center and
Micrograms per day
Revenue level (MW)
?-carotene ?-carotene ?-cryptoxanthin
lycopene
zeaxanthin and lutein
Belém
< 2
237
35
38
385
39
2 to 3
336
66
37
429
67
3 to 5
354
65
40
530
63
5 to 6
478
101
69
483
110
6 to 8
487
90
59
514
110
8 to 10
520
104
67
696
118
10 to 15
603
166
85
798
126
15 to 20
576
119
93
774
142
20 to 30
797
201
102
730
168
> 30
938
176
156
1178
297
Fortaleza
< 2
337
56
30
169
88
2 to 3
397
56
39
311
117
3 to 5
558
96
46
399
113
5 to 6
544
131
54
408
119
6 to 8
856
177
86
779
137
8 to 10
1026
280
94
752
158
10 to 15
671
177
81
649
155
15 to 20
750
199
129
817
132
20 to 30
870
208
108
614
157
> 30
1222
333
248
1336
380
Recife
< 2
656
185
27
496
360
2 to 3
974
194
59
747
488
3 to 5
619
159
62
762
370
5 to 6
1043
326
86
1088
498
6 to 8
944
317
67
882
417
8 to 10
931
293
92
1227
314
10 to 15
1343
406
109
1300
382
15 to 20
906
240
136
1188
336
20 to 30
981
264
161
1562
280
> 30
1561
364
248
2242
468
Salvador
< 2
473
118
31
641
142
2 to 3
563
141
59
852
160
3 to 5
716
199
57
979
152
5 to 6
687
201
65
1031
139
6 to 8
744
202
64
974
144
8 to 10
995
306
81
1691
166
10 to 15
851
196
75
1196
166
15 to 20
1353
357
165
1760
281
20 to 30
1624
399
169
2140
245
> 30
2225
556
447
3640
600
52
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 1: Per-capita procurement of the five principal carotenoids (?g/day) in the Brazilian metropolitan regions, Brasília
and Goiânia, according to ten strata of family revenue (in multiples of the Minimum wage). (continuation)
Urban Center and
Micrograms per day
Revenue level (MW)
?-carotene ?-carotene ?-cryptoxanthin
lycopene
zeaxanthin and lutein
Brasília
< 2
356
147
34
484
116
2 to 3
873
193
53
971
133
3 to 5
598
138
72
988
262
5 to 6
1115
209
101
1217
551
6 to 8
758
217
64
1157
274
8 to 10
1125
293
104
972
575
10 to 15
1352
331
150
1415
604
15 to 20
1223
359
145
1412
455
20 to 30
1391
355
165
1410
464
> 30
1907
412
338
1956
854
Goiânia
< 2
509
95
60
922
154
2 to 3
844
234
69
1291
170
3 to 5
656
165
63
943
197
5 to 6
995
248
89
1607
280
6 to 8
936
218
96
1676
275
8 to 10
850
188
103
1458
260
10 to 15
1077
283
117
1311
345
15 to 20
1124
290
125
1255
327
20 to 30
1789
439
222
2171
647
> 30
1736
421
341
2617
612
Belo Horizonte
< 2
502
120
39
513
310
2 to 3
1574
559
91
1525
359
3 to 5
738
240
88
885
296
5 to 6
819
236
118
993
310
6 to 8
942
315
98
896
280
8 to 10
930
279
146
1113
293
10 to 15
968
296
143
1123
406
15 to 20
1371
450
220
1170
426
20 to 30
1223
338
246
1646
455
> 30
1625
468
263
1758
448
Rio de Janeiro
< 2
457
162
35
438
125
2 to 3
584
206
47
649
150
3 to 5
705
235
63
709
172
5 to 6
649
218
44
802
179
6 to 8
779
275
46
680
257
8 to 10
846
297
78
939
186
10 to 15
775
244
95
715
272
15 to 20
1268
396
139
984
289
20 to 30
952
221
144
1373
392
> 30
1345
450
180
1908
458
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
53
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 1: Per-capita procurement of the five principal carotenoids (?g/day) in the Brazilian metropolitan regions, Brasília
and Goiânia, according to ten strata of family revenue (in multiples of the Minimum wage). (continuation)
Urban Center and
Micrograms per day
Revenue level (MW)
?-carotene ?-carotene ?-cryptoxanthin
lycopene
zeaxanthin and lutein
São Paulo
189
26
43
530
184
< 2
368
41
45
706
95
2 to 3
313
62
48
715
154
3 to 5
624
88
109
1040
180
5 to 6
793
121
118
1168
280
6 to 8
593
91
78
617
204
8 to 10
737
118
129
889
250
10 to 15
588
100
133
726
299
15 to 20
2654
207
301
2760
634
20 to 30
1260
191
268
1621
447
> 30
Curitiba
253
42
59
708
516
< 2
273
38
72
1001
253
2 to 3
391
80
98
833
218
3 to 5
524
103
123
1215
219
5 to 6
375
80
117
823
218
6 to 8
633
121
171
943
377
8 to 10
613
93
176
1296
338
10 to 15
927
259
157
1881
361
15 to 20
786
146
246
1771
360
20 to 30
1144
202
332
1728
378
> 30
Porto Alegre
421
85
97
843
106
< 2
780
142
82
1590
174
2 to 3
667
145
108
1221
224
3 to 5
566
103
116
1057
273
5 to 6
905
239
143
1357
288
6 to 8
807
166
109
1251
240
8 to 10
925
215
157
1505
292
10 to 15
864
173
228
1781
349
15 to 20
1030
255
246
1031
390
20 to 30
1208
308
321
1685
422
> 30
54
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 2 – Per-cent contribution of foods to the supply of ?-carotene to households of the Metropolitan Regions and
Municipalities of Goiania and Brasilia-DF.
Food Source
Montlhy revenue (MW)
Up to 2
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 6
6 - 8
8 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 30 >30
Belém
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Carrots
18.9
19.8
22.6
28.9
26,5
26,2
29,8
28,9
34,3
23,2
Tomato
14.1
12.6
14.9
10.5
12.1
12,3
9,3
13,1
8,0
11,7
Margarine
9.7
7.4
7.5
6.3
6.9
7,6
3,7
10,3
4,3
3,3
Green onions + parsley
6.8
4.3
5.2
4.5
3.5
3,7
3,0
4,3
2,6
3,0
Other tropical fruits
6.3
7.2
7.5
5.5
6.6
6,7
5,3
7,4
10,1
13,2
Fortaleza
Mango
31.0
27.8
28.7
11.1
29.7
16.7
12.9
10.5
24.3
14.3
Carrots
23.0
16.9
28.2
36.2
28.0
46.7
40.4
46.5
38.3
39.6
Green onions + parsley
11.4
12.0
9.7
7.9
6.2
6.5
6.3
7.0
5.4
3.5
Margarine
6.3
5.5
5.1
6.2
3.3
3.2
5.3
3.7
4.0
3.5
Tomato
6.1
7.2
7.9
6.7
7.5
6.5
10.2
6.4
5.9
6.2
Recife
Common squash
25.3
15.1
17.1
20.2
29.8
23.4
18.6
21.6
15.7
12.1
Sweetpotato
23.3
36.8
14.4
12.4
8.2
6.2
9.4
8.4
1.5
4.5
Carrots
19.8
16.4
22.9
31.9
26.3
29.8
34.0
20.9
29.6
26.4
Tomato
9.2
7.2
11.0
9.9
7.5
9.9
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.1
Mango
5.5
7.5
7.4
4.7
4.3
6.8
7.8
10.9
6.2
18.6
Salvador
Carrots
26.8
26.6
24.7
23.9
23.2
20.7
23.7
29.3
23.2
25.1
Common squash
14.1
15.1
22.2
25.6
22.3
31.7
14.9
15.4
19.0
16.7
Mango
11.5
13.6
5.4
10.8
9.4
8.8
10.5
13.1
16.7
15.3
Tomato
11.0
11.6
10.8
10.7
8.6
6.1
10.4
5.8
7.3
7.4
Sweetpotato
6.4
5.2
5.3
1.2
6.1
4.9
9.6
4.3
6.5
5.2
Brasília
Carrots
38.8
34.2
23.6
27.8
30.9
38.1
31.7
32.6
31.4
28.0
Common squash
33.1
6.8
14.2
5.1
19.2
8.9
10.7
19.1
13.7
9.7
Tomato
7.9
6.7
8.9
5.8
8.8
7.4
5.7
5.6
4.7
6.3
Goiânia
Carrots
25.2
35.1
31.5
32.5
33.4
26.8
35.6
24.2
29.7
29.8
Other tropical fruits
21.9
13.9
15.2
12.8
13.2
14.8
10.2
13.6
15.2
10.1
Kale
11.7
4.6
10.0
9.4
10.8
11.3
13.4
13.2
14.2
15.5
Tomato
7.5
10.6
6.9
8.8
9.7
8.5
8.4
8.6
7.4
8.0
Common squash
7.5
14.5
12.8
12.1
8.7
12.1
11.3
20.6
13.2
12.9
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
55
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 2 – Per-cent contribution of foods to the supply of ?-carotene to households of the Metropolitan Regions and
Municipalities of Goiania and Brasilia-DF. (continuation)
Food Source
Montlhy revenue (MW)
Up to 2
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 6
6 - 8
8 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 30 >30
Belo Horizonte
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Lettuce
21.4
1.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.0
3.9
Common squash
21.4
9.2
18.6
17.8
18.0
15.8
19.8
18.1
14.0
16.4
Carrots
16.9
56.1
35.4
31.1
39.7
35.5
30.7
37.3
31.3
31.8
Kale
10.5
2.5
2.3
6.9
3.1
4.3
5.6
6.0
6.1
4.3
Rio de Janeiro
Carrots
42.7
50.2
39.0
38.2
43.4
48.8
35.5
38.1
27.4
40.3
Common squash
20.0
14.3
20.7
21.7
19.5
15.0
19.7
18.1
12.2
19.0
Tomato
10.2
101
9.5
9.8
7.0
9.8
7.5
6.0
6.6
6.0
Sweetpotato
7.1
4.5
5.6
3.3
3.2
4.4
6.5
2.8
2.0
1.7
São Paulo
Carrots
18.6
17.7
25.8
18.6
22.8
13.4
19.6
27.5
11.3
21.0
Tomato
14.8
11.2
11.0
9.4
7.0
3.7
7.6
7.3
5.6
8.0
Lettuce
10.2
5.7
6.2
5.0
4.9
2.8
4.6
9.7
2.6
6.3
Kale
9.8
0.0
1.7
8.8
9.9
9.7
8.7
17.3
8.6
6.4
Curitiba
Mango
21.3
5.9
7.6
19.0
11.3
14.8
20.8
2.9
15.6
24.4
Lettuce
12.4
7.4
10.1
11.2
7.3
9.8
11.6
7.6
11.1
7.5
Tomato
12.2
21.7
13.5
12.2
9.8
9.5
11.9
10.8
10.9
10.1
Corn meal (fubá)
12.0
3.9
1.7
0.9
1.6
1.8
1.3
0.8
1.1
0.3
Carrots
11.8
12.7
33.0
33.7
34.2
26.8
22.3
32.2
27.7
28.3
Porto Alegre
Carrots
17.2
19.6
30.5
11.6
27.5
24.1
27.5
26.1
25.9
29.3
Common squash
17.2
11.9
7.8
17.3
19.1
11.5
13.1
7.6
16.8
14.6
Mango
14.1
9.5
3.5
0.0
5.8
21.7
9.5
0.0
9.6
9.7
Tomato
8.0
6.2
9.3
8.8
7.7
12.5
10.5
12.6
7.2
7.9
Sweetpotato
7.1
20.2
11.0
13.0
7.5
2.8
6.2
8.9
1.0
0.9
Listing was abridged to contain only food items that would contribute with at least ~6%
56
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 3. Per-cent contribution of foods to the supply of lycopene to households of the Metropolitan Regions and
Municipalities of Goiania and Brasilia-DF.
Food Source
Montlhy revenue (MW)
Up to 2
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 6
6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 30 >30
Belém
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Tomato
52.6
59.8
60.5
63.0
69.7
56.0
42.8
59.3
53.2
55.9
Watermellon
26.6
19.7
18.5
6.7
1.7
10.8
31.5
4.0
11.4
6.8
Papaya (red)
13.2
11.2
10.0
18.7
10.3
12.5
14.8
18.2
9.3
21.2
Fortaleza
Tomato
73.8
55.9
66.7
54.7
49.7
53.7
63.9
35.7
50.8
34.6
Papaya (red)
11.1
8.0
11.6
13.8
14.2
18.1
12.8
18.6
23.0
36.0
Watermellon
9.0
29.1
14.0
17.3
28.6
13.9
9.6
32.0
10.3
11.2
Recife
Tomato
74.4
56.9
54.4
57.9
48.9
45.7
52.9
39.5
33.2
34.4
Watermellon
10.4
14.1
14.6
14.3
18.9
14.7
16.1
8.4
24.7
9.6
Tomato paste
7.2
12.6
16.4
12.0
14.7
25.1
12.0
20.1
21.2
25.9
Papaya (red)
4.4
9.4
8.2
9.2
9.6
10.1
11.1
17.8
10.2
16.6
Salvador
Tomato
49.3
46.7
48.1
43.4
39.9
21.8
45.0
27.0
33.9
27.4
Tomate paste
24.8
20.6
21.6
33.0
19.5
39.5
24.1
27.5
26.3
37.3
Watermellon
17.7
22.5
19.1
9.1
29.3
29.6
20.1
23.8
23.2
22.1
Brasília
Tomato paste
51.0
30.2
19.6
19.2
35.2
6.8
29.5
40.2
28.0
10.6
Tomato
35.2
36.6
32.7
32.5
34.9
51.9
33.0
29.4
28.4
37.5
Watermellon
7.0
27.2
40.3
39.0
23.4
25.6
20.7
19.3
30.5
27.4
Papaya (red)
5.0
3.8
5.2
6.6
4.5
11.3
9.4
6.9
8.3
16.3
Goiânia
Watermellon
32.9
25.4
22.5
35.2
36.9
39.4
18.6
12.4
21.5
33.4
Tomato paste
27.2
18.7
36.2
21.5
18.7
16.5
23.8
19.7
17.2
11.7
Tomato
25.2
42.1
29.2
33.0
33.0
30.2
41.8
46.5
36.9
32.4
Other tropical fruits
10.2
7.6
8.9
6.7
6.2
7.2
7.0
10.3
10.5
5.6
Belo Horizonte
Tomato paste
44.2
31.8
38.0
36.6
30.8
23.2
22.5
14.9
22.6
19.6
Tomato
32.4
52.1
38.4
30.8
41.4
39.0
39.2
40.6
32.3
38.2
Watermellon
17.9
9.5
13.4
16.2
17.9
18.2
24.5
9.4
21.6
12.8
Rio de Janeiro
Tomato
64.9
55.4
57.0
48.1
49.0
53.5
49.2
47.0
27.7
25.8
Tomato paste
28.5
31.8
32.0
38.4
41.1
33.1
26.7
20.2
43.9
42.2
Papaya (red)
6.2
10.1
6.9
7.0
7.5
6.4
14.8
14.6
13.9
14.0
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
57
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 3. Per-cent contribution of foods to the supply of lycopene to households of the Metropolitan Regions and
Municipalities of Goiania and Brasilia-DF. (continuation)
Food Source
Montlhy revenue (MW)
Up to 2
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 6
6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 30 >30
São Paulo
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Tomato paste
39.0
41.5
39.9
33.8
30.7
36.9
30.3
19.3
13.2
17.9
Tomato
32.0
35.4
29.4
34.4
28.9
21.4
38.2
36.1
32.6
37.7
Tomato sauce
18.2
1.1
8.2
14.0
4.9
17.2
11.2
13.1
12.5
18.5
Papaya (red)
9.6
7.8
6.8
11.1
9.7
12.1
10.0
13.2
11.6
15.6
Curitiba
Tomato paste
66.1
45.3
38.5
37.2
45.7
19.4
44.5
30.4
25.9
16.9
Tomato
26.5
35.8
38.5
32.0
27.1
38.6
34.1
32.4
29.4
40.5
Watermellon
3.0
13.8
15.5
13.6
13.5
17.3
2.2
22.2
24.7
9.3
Papaya (red)
3.0
1.1
3.7
2.9
9.2
16.4
12.0
6.9
14.5
19.8
Porto Alegre
Watermellon
47.2
53.2
26.8
38.9
30.7
18.6
22.5
26.1
5.5
17.3
Tomato
24.1
18.4
30.9
28.5
31.0
48.9
39.1
37.1
43.6
34.4
Tomato paste
17.9
24.8
34.0
19.5
26.5
21.6
22.9
18.8
20.0
21.4
Papaya (red)
8.9
1.6
5.0
9.6
7.9
6.2
10.0
12.2
13.4
19.4
Listing was abridged to contain only food items that would contribute with at least ~6%
Beta-carotene
Likewise and owing to the low intake of
carotenogenic foods in general, relatively poor sources
As can be seen from Table 2, the food items
of ?-carotene such as mangoes and tomatoes ranked
that most strongly contributed to the supply of ?-
as significant (3.7 to 14.9%) sources in the majority
carotene in the great majority of the urban centers
of the urban center’s population. The value of 21.7%,
were carrots, squashes, mango and tomato. Carrots,
found in Curitiba for the revenue level of between 2
a rich source (30-60µg/g), was one of the three most
and 3MW was considered an isolated event.
significant sources of ?-carotene in al regions (average
of ~30%), in spite of its contribution have ranged
Lycopene
between 11.3 and 56.1%.
In the households of Brazilian metropolitan
Notwithstanding the fact of leafy vegetables,
areas, Goiânia and Brasília-DF, the ranking of food
like kale (couve), arugula (rúcula), Watercress (agrião),
items according to their per-cent contribution in
being rich sources of ?-carotene, in addition to their
lycopene was: tomatoes, tomato paste, watermelon
important contribution as sources of folic acid and
and papaya (Table 3).
health promoting fibers, their presence in the Brazilian
diet was low (general y <10% of the carotenoid
Red papaya, nearly absent from the shopping list
contribution), except in Curitiba, São Paulo, Belo
of the poorer homes, was often detected as the fourth
Horizonte and Goiânia. In Brasília and Porto Alegre,
contributing source of lycopene, in the range of 10%
leafy vegetables appeared to be important only among
or higher. Worthy of mention was the adoption of
the more affluent families.
tomato paste by the lower bracket households, instead
58
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Procurement of ?-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin
in households of Brazil’s urban areas
Renata Maria Padovani and Jaime Amaya-Farfán
An assessment was made of the consumer accessibility by income to carotenoids in the eleven major Brazilian urban centers.
The consumption data published by the POF (National Household Budget Survey, 1995-1996) and the Brazilian database on
food carotenoids provided the basis for the study. The USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for US foods was used whenever
the carotenoid content was not found local y. Prudent individual daily intakes of beta-carotene (3 to 6mg), pro-vitamins A
(5.2 to 6mg) and total carotenoids (9 to 18mg) were far from attained by the poorer households in al of the regions studied,
but the availability rose as the level of income increased in al regions. The principal foods identified, which significantly
contributed to the carotenoid supply were: (?-carotene) carrots, squash, mango and tomato, (lycopene) tomato, tomato sauce,
watermelon and papaya, (lutein and zeaxanthin) corn flour, kale, lettuce and orange. The study suggests that consumption
of carotenogenic foods in Brazil may have been low at the time, despite the wide natural distribution and abundance in the
country. The implications that low consumption of carotenogenic foods may have on public health came to be better known
in more recent years, but the data should be useful when comparing with the 2002/2003 POF.
Key words: Brazilian national consumption survey, carotenoids, fruit and vegetable consumption, food habits and income,
nutrition education
Aquisição de ?-caroteno, licopeno, luteína e zeaxantina em
domicílios urbanos brasileiros
A disponibilidade dos carotenóides provitamínicos-A, licopeno, luteína e zeaxantina foi determinada e analisada segundo a
renda nos domicílios de nove regiões metropolitanas brasileiras, no município de Goiânia e no Distrito Federal. Utilizaram-se
para tanto os dados publicados pela Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 1995-1996 e a base nacional de dados em carotenóides.
Quando o teor de carotenóides de um gênero não era encontrado, consultou-se a USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for US
Foods. As ingestões individuais diárias prudentes de beta-caroteno (3 a 6mg), carotenóides provitamínicos-A (5,2 a 6mg) e
carotenóides totais (9 a 18mg) não puderam ser alcançadas em qualquer uma das regiões, mas a disponibilidade aumentou
de acordo com os recebimentos em todas as regiões estudadas. Os principais alimentos identificados que contribuíram
para o fornecimento de carotenóides nas regiões pesquisadas foram: cenoura, abóbora, manga e tomate (beta-caroteno),
tomate, massa de tomate, melancia e mamão (licopeno) e fubá de milho, couve, alface e laranja (luteína e zeaxantina). O
levantamento sugere que à época, existia baixo consumo de carotenóides de origem alimentar no Brasil, apesar de sua ampla
abundância natural no país. As implicações que esse tipo de abstenção alimentar pode trazer para a saúde da população
tornaram-se bem conhecidas em anos mais recentes, porém os dados podem ser úteis quando se fizer comparação com
os das POF 2002/2003.
Palavras-chave: carotenóides, disponibilidade, POF, consumo de frutas e verduras, hábitos alimentares.
1 Department of Food & Nutrition of the State University of Campinas and the Center for Food Security Studies – NEPA – UNICAMP;
R. Monteiro Lobato, 80. Cidade Universitária, 13.083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Jaime Amaya-Farfán, E-mail: jaf@fea.unicamp.br (Work
presented at the XXII IVACG Meeting, Lima, Peru. November 2004).
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
49
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Introduction
plasma levels within the range that is associated with a
low risk of chronic diseases. Thus, food guides in the
Epidemiological studies indicate that an abundant
United States and the National Cancer Institute advice
consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with
that adhering to the proposed diet would be equivalent
a low incidence of cancer, cardiovascular and age-related
to consuming from 5.2 to 6mg/day of provitamin-A
degenerative diseases (Block et al., 1992; Willet, 1994;
carotenoids, from a varied diet containing fruits and
Ames et al., 1995). Despite this important relationship
vegetables (Lachance, 1997). Canadian food guides
between diet and health, Brazil like many other
in turn recommend similar intakes (Health Canada,
countries lack nation-wide data on the consumption
1997), while other health institutes based on food
of carotenoids as health indicators.
consumption recommend approximately from 9 to
18mg/day (WCRF/AICR, 1997).
Among the more than 600 carotenoids
encountered in nature, ?-carotene, ?-carotene,
The Brazilian National Household Budget
lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin and ?-cryptoxanthin
Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar, POF) is a nation-
are the major members of this family found in our
wide direct food purchase survey, useful as an indirect
diet, with ?-carotene, ?-carotene and ?-cryptoxanthin
estimate of food consumption by the population.
exhibiting vitamin-A activity.
The present study analyzes the POF (1995-1996)
Besides the provitamin-A functionality of
data from the point of view of the household availability
this restricted group, a general antioxidant and
of carotenoids, particularly with regard to ?-carotene,
protecting activity to the human body is widely
lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin, in the nine contemporary
recognized, increasing immunocompetence and
Brazilian metropolitan regions, the Federal District and
inhibiting the occurrence of mutagenesis and pre-
the municipality of Goiania. It was also desirable to
malignant lesions. In general, carotenoids protect
identify the food items that most significantly contributed
animal tissues by virtue of their physical-chemical
to the intake of such substances, according to ten revenue
properties by means of one or more of the following
brackets in the population.
mechanisms: extinction of singlet oxygen species,
quenching of peroxyl radicals, modulation of the
Methodology
metabolism of carcinogenic substances, inhibition
of abnormal cel proliferation, enhancement of
The adopted procedure utilized the data on
retinoid-mediated cell differentiation, stimulation of
food purchases by 16,013 households (household
inter-cel ular communication, enhancement of the
availability) of the Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar
immune response and blue light filtration (Olson,
(POF 1995-1996; IBGE, 1997), and converted to
1999). The ability that certain carotenoids to inhibit
per-capita availability of carotenoids. These data were
non-photochemical fluorescence and function as
collected and compiled by sampling the households
ancillary pigments in the macula of primates, has also
of 10 metropolitan regions: Rio de Janeiro, Porto
been reported, while the consumption of lutein and
Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Recife, São Paulo, Belém,
zeaxanthin is associated with a lower risk of macular
Fortaleza, Salvador, Curitiba, in addition to the
degeneration and cataract (Mares-Perlman et al., 2002;
Federal District and the city of Goiânia (IBGE,
Moeller et al., 2000).
2001). The survey specified expenses with regard to
the family’s total revenue, proceeding from wages and
Presently, the Institute of Medicine (2000)
otherwise, divided into ten income levels. As a whole,
has not issued official recommendations for the
these regions represented 37.7% of all city dwellers
ingestion of carotenoids. There are, however,
and 29.8% of the Brazilian population. Sample size
statements alerting about the “prudent levels of
calculation and random sorting of the households
ingestion” commensurate with good health, endorsed
fol owed procedures described on pages 13-17 (IBGE,
by US federal agencies and other organizations that
1997). Among the limitations of the survey’s data it
recommend reasonable ingestions of fruits and
is pertinent to mention the lack of information on
vegetables. Based on population studies, the IOM
availability by individual and the precise amount of
suggests a daily prudent ingestion of 3 to 6mg of
the purchased food to be consumed (Helsing, Becker,
?-carotene from food sources, in order to maintain
1991).
50
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
The levels of total income were ranked in terms
“others” by the automatic recovery system (SIDRA of
of multiples of the Minimum wage (MW=R$112,00)
the IBGE), the average nutrient content of the specific
and re-grouped into the following strata: up to 2MW,
food list of the IBGE was used (Padovani, 2003).
2-3, 3-5, 5-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-15, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30 and
more than 30MW (IBGE, 2001).
Results
In order to determine the per-capita food
Carotenoids
consumption for every household, per year, the IBGE
divided the sum-total of food products acquired along
The household availability of the five most
the year by the number of individuals in each category.
abundant food carotenoids acquired in the nine
The information was col ected by means of data sheets
metropolitan regions of Brazil and the cities of
denominated “Cadernetas de Despesa Coletiva-POF 3”,
Brasília-DF and Goiânia, are shown in Table 1.
where detailed daily information was entered along
From these general data it became evident that the
seven consecutive days, including the description of
availability of ?-carotene was low for the poorer strata
the products characteristics, quantity, units, amount
of the population. Over-all, the procurement ranged
paid and place of purchase.
from 189?g (São Paulo, revenue bracket ?2MW) to
2654?g (São Paulo, bracket 20 – 30MW).
The groups of products were those acquired
with the specific purpose of consumption within
Considering the procurement for ?-carotene,
the household and included: cereals and legumes,
sources ample variation was also observed. Access
leafy vegetables, fruits, coconut, nuts, flours, fecula
to this carotenoid ranged from 26?g (São Paulo,
and pasta, breads, meats, offal, fishes, birds and eggs,
?2MW) to 559?g per day (Belo Horizonte, 2 to 3
milk products, sugar and sugary products, salts and
MW). With respect to ?-cryptoxanthin, the lowest
condiments, fats and oils, beverages and infusions,
procurement (27?g) was found in Recife (?2MW)
ready-to-eat foods, industrialized mixtures, among
while the highest was in Salvador (447?g), in families
others. Some products did not have their consumption
of more than 30MW.
recorded due to incomplete information about
quantity, representing 10.92% of the total expenses
The daily procurement for lycopene sources
with food (IBGE, 1997).
varied from 169 (Fortaleza, families with ?2MW,
to 3640?g (Salvador, stratum with >30MW).
Food carotenoid database
Furthermore, the daily procurement of zeaxanhtin
and lutein, together, was found to be between 39 in
The carotenoid contents of the food items
the metropolitan region of Belém (?2MW) and 854?g,
were preferential y those obtained and compiled by
in the Federal District (>30MW).
the carotenoid laboratory of the State University of
Campinas, Brazil, and several others of Brazilian origin
Identification of the principal food sources
acquired by modern and accurate methods. When no
Brazilian data were available on a specific food item, the
Considering that the consumption profile
USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for U.S. Foods were
of fruits and vegetables could be indicative of
used (Holden et al., 1999). Details on the selection of the
the prevalence of certain pathologies typical of a
data for individual food items are available elsewhere
population and be linked to a socio-economic class,
(Padovani, 2003). A Microsoft Excel worksheet was
it was deemed important to attempt to identify the
designed for correcting the actual amounts purchased
principal sources of these nutrients. In each region, the
of those foods whose edible portion was not 100%
foods responsible for the bulk of the access of each
(Silva, Monerat, 1986) into the possibly ingested
carotenoid by the population were identified. The per-
portions and subsequently converting these into
cent contribution of each food item are apparent in
amounts of carotenoids ingested.
Tables 2, 3 and 4. For the sake of simplicity, only items
that at any one revenue level contributed with 3% or
Food items purchased in minute amounts by the
more of the total procurement for each carotenoid,
families were not itemized by the IBGE. For such
were considered.
miscellaneous or unidentified food items termed as
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
51
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 1: Per-capita procurement of the five principal carotenoids (?g/day) in the Brazilian metropolitan regions, Brasília
and Goiânia, according to ten strata of family revenue (in multiples of the Minimum wage).
Urban Center and
Micrograms per day
Revenue level (MW)
?-carotene ?-carotene ?-cryptoxanthin
lycopene
zeaxanthin and lutein
Belém
< 2
237
35
38
385
39
2 to 3
336
66
37
429
67
3 to 5
354
65
40
530
63
5 to 6
478
101
69
483
110
6 to 8
487
90
59
514
110
8 to 10
520
104
67
696
118
10 to 15
603
166
85
798
126
15 to 20
576
119
93
774
142
20 to 30
797
201
102
730
168
> 30
938
176
156
1178
297
Fortaleza
< 2
337
56
30
169
88
2 to 3
397
56
39
311
117
3 to 5
558
96
46
399
113
5 to 6
544
131
54
408
119
6 to 8
856
177
86
779
137
8 to 10
1026
280
94
752
158
10 to 15
671
177
81
649
155
15 to 20
750
199
129
817
132
20 to 30
870
208
108
614
157
> 30
1222
333
248
1336
380
Recife
< 2
656
185
27
496
360
2 to 3
974
194
59
747
488
3 to 5
619
159
62
762
370
5 to 6
1043
326
86
1088
498
6 to 8
944
317
67
882
417
8 to 10
931
293
92
1227
314
10 to 15
1343
406
109
1300
382
15 to 20
906
240
136
1188
336
20 to 30
981
264
161
1562
280
> 30
1561
364
248
2242
468
Salvador
< 2
473
118
31
641
142
2 to 3
563
141
59
852
160
3 to 5
716
199
57
979
152
5 to 6
687
201
65
1031
139
6 to 8
744
202
64
974
144
8 to 10
995
306
81
1691
166
10 to 15
851
196
75
1196
166
15 to 20
1353
357
165
1760
281
20 to 30
1624
399
169
2140
245
> 30
2225
556
447
3640
600
52
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 1: Per-capita procurement of the five principal carotenoids (?g/day) in the Brazilian metropolitan regions, Brasília
and Goiânia, according to ten strata of family revenue (in multiples of the Minimum wage). (continuation)
Urban Center and
Micrograms per day
Revenue level (MW)
?-carotene ?-carotene ?-cryptoxanthin
lycopene
zeaxanthin and lutein
Brasília
< 2
356
147
34
484
116
2 to 3
873
193
53
971
133
3 to 5
598
138
72
988
262
5 to 6
1115
209
101
1217
551
6 to 8
758
217
64
1157
274
8 to 10
1125
293
104
972
575
10 to 15
1352
331
150
1415
604
15 to 20
1223
359
145
1412
455
20 to 30
1391
355
165
1410
464
> 30
1907
412
338
1956
854
Goiânia
< 2
509
95
60
922
154
2 to 3
844
234
69
1291
170
3 to 5
656
165
63
943
197
5 to 6
995
248
89
1607
280
6 to 8
936
218
96
1676
275
8 to 10
850
188
103
1458
260
10 to 15
1077
283
117
1311
345
15 to 20
1124
290
125
1255
327
20 to 30
1789
439
222
2171
647
> 30
1736
421
341
2617
612
Belo Horizonte
< 2
502
120
39
513
310
2 to 3
1574
559
91
1525
359
3 to 5
738
240
88
885
296
5 to 6
819
236
118
993
310
6 to 8
942
315
98
896
280
8 to 10
930
279
146
1113
293
10 to 15
968
296
143
1123
406
15 to 20
1371
450
220
1170
426
20 to 30
1223
338
246
1646
455
> 30
1625
468
263
1758
448
Rio de Janeiro
< 2
457
162
35
438
125
2 to 3
584
206
47
649
150
3 to 5
705
235
63
709
172
5 to 6
649
218
44
802
179
6 to 8
779
275
46
680
257
8 to 10
846
297
78
939
186
10 to 15
775
244
95
715
272
15 to 20
1268
396
139
984
289
20 to 30
952
221
144
1373
392
> 30
1345
450
180
1908
458
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
53
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 1: Per-capita procurement of the five principal carotenoids (?g/day) in the Brazilian metropolitan regions, Brasília
and Goiânia, according to ten strata of family revenue (in multiples of the Minimum wage). (continuation)
Urban Center and
Micrograms per day
Revenue level (MW)
?-carotene ?-carotene ?-cryptoxanthin
lycopene
zeaxanthin and lutein
São Paulo
189
26
43
530
184
< 2
368
41
45
706
95
2 to 3
313
62
48
715
154
3 to 5
624
88
109
1040
180
5 to 6
793
121
118
1168
280
6 to 8
593
91
78
617
204
8 to 10
737
118
129
889
250
10 to 15
588
100
133
726
299
15 to 20
2654
207
301
2760
634
20 to 30
1260
191
268
1621
447
> 30
Curitiba
253
42
59
708
516
< 2
273
38
72
1001
253
2 to 3
391
80
98
833
218
3 to 5
524
103
123
1215
219
5 to 6
375
80
117
823
218
6 to 8
633
121
171
943
377
8 to 10
613
93
176
1296
338
10 to 15
927
259
157
1881
361
15 to 20
786
146
246
1771
360
20 to 30
1144
202
332
1728
378
> 30
Porto Alegre
421
85
97
843
106
< 2
780
142
82
1590
174
2 to 3
667
145
108
1221
224
3 to 5
566
103
116
1057
273
5 to 6
905
239
143
1357
288
6 to 8
807
166
109
1251
240
8 to 10
925
215
157
1505
292
10 to 15
864
173
228
1781
349
15 to 20
1030
255
246
1031
390
20 to 30
1208
308
321
1685
422
> 30
54
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 2 – Per-cent contribution of foods to the supply of ?-carotene to households of the Metropolitan Regions and
Municipalities of Goiania and Brasilia-DF.
Food Source
Montlhy revenue (MW)
Up to 2
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 6
6 - 8
8 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 30 >30
Belém
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Carrots
18.9
19.8
22.6
28.9
26,5
26,2
29,8
28,9
34,3
23,2
Tomato
14.1
12.6
14.9
10.5
12.1
12,3
9,3
13,1
8,0
11,7
Margarine
9.7
7.4
7.5
6.3
6.9
7,6
3,7
10,3
4,3
3,3
Green onions + parsley
6.8
4.3
5.2
4.5
3.5
3,7
3,0
4,3
2,6
3,0
Other tropical fruits
6.3
7.2
7.5
5.5
6.6
6,7
5,3
7,4
10,1
13,2
Fortaleza
Mango
31.0
27.8
28.7
11.1
29.7
16.7
12.9
10.5
24.3
14.3
Carrots
23.0
16.9
28.2
36.2
28.0
46.7
40.4
46.5
38.3
39.6
Green onions + parsley
11.4
12.0
9.7
7.9
6.2
6.5
6.3
7.0
5.4
3.5
Margarine
6.3
5.5
5.1
6.2
3.3
3.2
5.3
3.7
4.0
3.5
Tomato
6.1
7.2
7.9
6.7
7.5
6.5
10.2
6.4
5.9
6.2
Recife
Common squash
25.3
15.1
17.1
20.2
29.8
23.4
18.6
21.6
15.7
12.1
Sweetpotato
23.3
36.8
14.4
12.4
8.2
6.2
9.4
8.4
1.5
4.5
Carrots
19.8
16.4
22.9
31.9
26.3
29.8
34.0
20.9
29.6
26.4
Tomato
9.2
7.2
11.0
9.9
7.5
9.9
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.1
Mango
5.5
7.5
7.4
4.7
4.3
6.8
7.8
10.9
6.2
18.6
Salvador
Carrots
26.8
26.6
24.7
23.9
23.2
20.7
23.7
29.3
23.2
25.1
Common squash
14.1
15.1
22.2
25.6
22.3
31.7
14.9
15.4
19.0
16.7
Mango
11.5
13.6
5.4
10.8
9.4
8.8
10.5
13.1
16.7
15.3
Tomato
11.0
11.6
10.8
10.7
8.6
6.1
10.4
5.8
7.3
7.4
Sweetpotato
6.4
5.2
5.3
1.2
6.1
4.9
9.6
4.3
6.5
5.2
Brasília
Carrots
38.8
34.2
23.6
27.8
30.9
38.1
31.7
32.6
31.4
28.0
Common squash
33.1
6.8
14.2
5.1
19.2
8.9
10.7
19.1
13.7
9.7
Tomato
7.9
6.7
8.9
5.8
8.8
7.4
5.7
5.6
4.7
6.3
Goiânia
Carrots
25.2
35.1
31.5
32.5
33.4
26.8
35.6
24.2
29.7
29.8
Other tropical fruits
21.9
13.9
15.2
12.8
13.2
14.8
10.2
13.6
15.2
10.1
Kale
11.7
4.6
10.0
9.4
10.8
11.3
13.4
13.2
14.2
15.5
Tomato
7.5
10.6
6.9
8.8
9.7
8.5
8.4
8.6
7.4
8.0
Common squash
7.5
14.5
12.8
12.1
8.7
12.1
11.3
20.6
13.2
12.9
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
55
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 2 – Per-cent contribution of foods to the supply of ?-carotene to households of the Metropolitan Regions and
Municipalities of Goiania and Brasilia-DF. (continuation)
Food Source
Montlhy revenue (MW)
Up to 2
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 6
6 - 8
8 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 30 >30
Belo Horizonte
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Lettuce
21.4
1.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.0
3.9
Common squash
21.4
9.2
18.6
17.8
18.0
15.8
19.8
18.1
14.0
16.4
Carrots
16.9
56.1
35.4
31.1
39.7
35.5
30.7
37.3
31.3
31.8
Kale
10.5
2.5
2.3
6.9
3.1
4.3
5.6
6.0
6.1
4.3
Rio de Janeiro
Carrots
42.7
50.2
39.0
38.2
43.4
48.8
35.5
38.1
27.4
40.3
Common squash
20.0
14.3
20.7
21.7
19.5
15.0
19.7
18.1
12.2
19.0
Tomato
10.2
101
9.5
9.8
7.0
9.8
7.5
6.0
6.6
6.0
Sweetpotato
7.1
4.5
5.6
3.3
3.2
4.4
6.5
2.8
2.0
1.7
São Paulo
Carrots
18.6
17.7
25.8
18.6
22.8
13.4
19.6
27.5
11.3
21.0
Tomato
14.8
11.2
11.0
9.4
7.0
3.7
7.6
7.3
5.6
8.0
Lettuce
10.2
5.7
6.2
5.0
4.9
2.8
4.6
9.7
2.6
6.3
Kale
9.8
0.0
1.7
8.8
9.9
9.7
8.7
17.3
8.6
6.4
Curitiba
Mango
21.3
5.9
7.6
19.0
11.3
14.8
20.8
2.9
15.6
24.4
Lettuce
12.4
7.4
10.1
11.2
7.3
9.8
11.6
7.6
11.1
7.5
Tomato
12.2
21.7
13.5
12.2
9.8
9.5
11.9
10.8
10.9
10.1
Corn meal (fubá)
12.0
3.9
1.7
0.9
1.6
1.8
1.3
0.8
1.1
0.3
Carrots
11.8
12.7
33.0
33.7
34.2
26.8
22.3
32.2
27.7
28.3
Porto Alegre
Carrots
17.2
19.6
30.5
11.6
27.5
24.1
27.5
26.1
25.9
29.3
Common squash
17.2
11.9
7.8
17.3
19.1
11.5
13.1
7.6
16.8
14.6
Mango
14.1
9.5
3.5
0.0
5.8
21.7
9.5
0.0
9.6
9.7
Tomato
8.0
6.2
9.3
8.8
7.7
12.5
10.5
12.6
7.2
7.9
Sweetpotato
7.1
20.2
11.0
13.0
7.5
2.8
6.2
8.9
1.0
0.9
Listing was abridged to contain only food items that would contribute with at least ~6%
56
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 3. Per-cent contribution of foods to the supply of lycopene to households of the Metropolitan Regions and
Municipalities of Goiania and Brasilia-DF.
Food Source
Montlhy revenue (MW)
Up to 2
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 6
6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 30 >30
Belém
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Tomato
52.6
59.8
60.5
63.0
69.7
56.0
42.8
59.3
53.2
55.9
Watermellon
26.6
19.7
18.5
6.7
1.7
10.8
31.5
4.0
11.4
6.8
Papaya (red)
13.2
11.2
10.0
18.7
10.3
12.5
14.8
18.2
9.3
21.2
Fortaleza
Tomato
73.8
55.9
66.7
54.7
49.7
53.7
63.9
35.7
50.8
34.6
Papaya (red)
11.1
8.0
11.6
13.8
14.2
18.1
12.8
18.6
23.0
36.0
Watermellon
9.0
29.1
14.0
17.3
28.6
13.9
9.6
32.0
10.3
11.2
Recife
Tomato
74.4
56.9
54.4
57.9
48.9
45.7
52.9
39.5
33.2
34.4
Watermellon
10.4
14.1
14.6
14.3
18.9
14.7
16.1
8.4
24.7
9.6
Tomato paste
7.2
12.6
16.4
12.0
14.7
25.1
12.0
20.1
21.2
25.9
Papaya (red)
4.4
9.4
8.2
9.2
9.6
10.1
11.1
17.8
10.2
16.6
Salvador
Tomato
49.3
46.7
48.1
43.4
39.9
21.8
45.0
27.0
33.9
27.4
Tomate paste
24.8
20.6
21.6
33.0
19.5
39.5
24.1
27.5
26.3
37.3
Watermellon
17.7
22.5
19.1
9.1
29.3
29.6
20.1
23.8
23.2
22.1
Brasília
Tomato paste
51.0
30.2
19.6
19.2
35.2
6.8
29.5
40.2
28.0
10.6
Tomato
35.2
36.6
32.7
32.5
34.9
51.9
33.0
29.4
28.4
37.5
Watermellon
7.0
27.2
40.3
39.0
23.4
25.6
20.7
19.3
30.5
27.4
Papaya (red)
5.0
3.8
5.2
6.6
4.5
11.3
9.4
6.9
8.3
16.3
Goiânia
Watermellon
32.9
25.4
22.5
35.2
36.9
39.4
18.6
12.4
21.5
33.4
Tomato paste
27.2
18.7
36.2
21.5
18.7
16.5
23.8
19.7
17.2
11.7
Tomato
25.2
42.1
29.2
33.0
33.0
30.2
41.8
46.5
36.9
32.4
Other tropical fruits
10.2
7.6
8.9
6.7
6.2
7.2
7.0
10.3
10.5
5.6
Belo Horizonte
Tomato paste
44.2
31.8
38.0
36.6
30.8
23.2
22.5
14.9
22.6
19.6
Tomato
32.4
52.1
38.4
30.8
41.4
39.0
39.2
40.6
32.3
38.2
Watermellon
17.9
9.5
13.4
16.2
17.9
18.2
24.5
9.4
21.6
12.8
Rio de Janeiro
Tomato
64.9
55.4
57.0
48.1
49.0
53.5
49.2
47.0
27.7
25.8
Tomato paste
28.5
31.8
32.0
38.4
41.1
33.1
26.7
20.2
43.9
42.2
Papaya (red)
6.2
10.1
6.9
7.0
7.5
6.4
14.8
14.6
13.9
14.0
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
57
Carotenoid availability in Brazilian urban centers, Padovani et al.
Table 3. Per-cent contribution of foods to the supply of lycopene to households of the Metropolitan Regions and
Municipalities of Goiania and Brasilia-DF. (continuation)
Food Source
Montlhy revenue (MW)
Up to 2
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 6
6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 30 >30
São Paulo
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Tomato paste
39.0
41.5
39.9
33.8
30.7
36.9
30.3
19.3
13.2
17.9
Tomato
32.0
35.4
29.4
34.4
28.9
21.4
38.2
36.1
32.6
37.7
Tomato sauce
18.2
1.1
8.2
14.0
4.9
17.2
11.2
13.1
12.5
18.5
Papaya (red)
9.6
7.8
6.8
11.1
9.7
12.1
10.0
13.2
11.6
15.6
Curitiba
Tomato paste
66.1
45.3
38.5
37.2
45.7
19.4
44.5
30.4
25.9
16.9
Tomato
26.5
35.8
38.5
32.0
27.1
38.6
34.1
32.4
29.4
40.5
Watermellon
3.0
13.8
15.5
13.6
13.5
17.3
2.2
22.2
24.7
9.3
Papaya (red)
3.0
1.1
3.7
2.9
9.2
16.4
12.0
6.9
14.5
19.8
Porto Alegre
Watermellon
47.2
53.2
26.8
38.9
30.7
18.6
22.5
26.1
5.5
17.3
Tomato
24.1
18.4
30.9
28.5
31.0
48.9
39.1
37.1
43.6
34.4
Tomato paste
17.9
24.8
34.0
19.5
26.5
21.6
22.9
18.8
20.0
21.4
Papaya (red)
8.9
1.6
5.0
9.6
7.9
6.2
10.0
12.2
13.4
19.4
Listing was abridged to contain only food items that would contribute with at least ~6%
Beta-carotene
Likewise and owing to the low intake of
carotenogenic foods in general, relatively poor sources
As can be seen from Table 2, the food items
of ?-carotene such as mangoes and tomatoes ranked
that most strongly contributed to the supply of ?-
as significant (3.7 to 14.9%) sources in the majority
carotene in the great majority of the urban centers
of the urban center’s population. The value of 21.7%,
were carrots, squashes, mango and tomato. Carrots,
found in Curitiba for the revenue level of between 2
a rich source (30-60µg/g), was one of the three most
and 3MW was considered an isolated event.
significant sources of ?-carotene in al regions (average
of ~30%), in spite of its contribution have ranged
Lycopene
between 11.3 and 56.1%.
In the households of Brazilian metropolitan
Notwithstanding the fact of leafy vegetables,
areas, Goiânia and Brasília-DF, the ranking of food
like kale (couve), arugula (rúcula), Watercress (agrião),
items according to their per-cent contribution in
being rich sources of ?-carotene, in addition to their
lycopene was: tomatoes, tomato paste, watermelon
important contribution as sources of folic acid and
and papaya (Table 3).
health promoting fibers, their presence in the Brazilian
diet was low (general y <10% of the carotenoid
Red papaya, nearly absent from the shopping list
contribution), except in Curitiba, São Paulo, Belo
of the poorer homes, was often detected as the fourth
Horizonte and Goiânia. In Brasília and Porto Alegre,
contributing source of lycopene, in the range of 10%
leafy vegetables appeared to be important only among
or higher. Worthy of mention was the adoption of
the more affluent families.
tomato paste by the lower bracket households, instead
58
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Campinas, 13(1): 49-63, 2006
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