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UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
Geneva
REVIEW OF MARITIME
TRANSPORT
2009
Report by the UNCTAD secretariat
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva, 2009
ii
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
NOTE
The Review of Maritime Transport is a recurrent publication prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat since 1968
with the aim of fostering the transparency of maritime markets and analysing relevant developments. Any factual
a corrigendum to be issued subsequently.
*
* *
symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.
*
* *
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
*
* *
Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, with reference
to the document number (see below). A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent
to the UNCTAD secretariat at the following address: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
UNCTAD/RMT/2009
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
Sales No. E.09.II.D.11
ISBN 978-92-1-112771-3
ISSN 0566-7682
Contents and Executive Summary
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Review of Maritime Transport 2009 is prepared by the Trade Logistics Branch of the Division on Technology
and Logistics, UNCTAD. The principal authors were Regina Asariotis, Hassiba Benamara, Jan Hoffmann,
Eugenia Núñez, Anila Premti, and Vincent Valentine, who also leads the team of authors.
Contributions on various issues were also prepared by Liliana Annovazzi-Jakab, Bismark Sitorus and Birgit Viohl.
Desktop publishing and administrative support was provided by Florence Hudry. Graphic support was provided
by Nadège Hadjemian and the publication was edited by Daniel Sanderson.
Various parts of this publication were peer-reviewed by UNCTAD colleagues: Deepali Fernandes, Mina
Mashayekhi, Anne Miroux, José María Rubiato and Frida Youssef.
This publication was peer-reviewed by the following persons from civil society, according to their particular
expertise: Alf Baird, Tom Butterly, Pierre Cariou, Mahindokht Faghfouri, Matthew Flynn, Hercules Haralambides,
Ki-Soon Hwang, Harsh Khare, Mohamed Abul Kheir, Shashi Kumar, Heather Leggate, Socrates Leptos-
Bourgi, Nora Neufeld, Melissa-Dawn Newhook, Adolf Ng, Thomas Pawlik, Aleksandra Pieczek, Derek Prentis,
Sheri Rosenow, Wayne Talley, Beatriz Tovar de la Fe and Les Ward.
iv
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
CONTENTS
............................................................................................................................................... Page
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................................
iii
......................................................................................................................
vi
Abbreviations and explanatory notes..............................................................................................................
x
Vessel groupings used in the Review of Maritime Transport.......................................................................... xiii
Executive summary......................................................................................................................................... xiv
Chapter
............................................................................................................................................... Page
1.
Developments in international seaborne trade .............................................................................
1
A.
World economic situation and prospects...............................................................................
1
B.
World seaborne trade.............................................................................................................
6
C.
Sectors of world seaborne trade ........................................................................................... 13
D.
Maritime transport and the climate change challenge........................................................... 26
................................................ 37
.................................................................................................... 37
................................................................................................. 52
C.
Registration of ships.............................................................................................................. 54
D.
Shipbuilding, demolition and the second-hand market......................................................... 57
................. 75
A.
Operational productivity ....................................................................................................... 75
B.
Supply and demand in world shipping.................................................................................. 79
.............................................................................. 81
4.
Trade and freight markets ................................................................................................. 85
A.
Crude oil and petroleum products shipping market .............................................................. 85
............................................................................................................. 90
C.
Dry bulk shipping market...................................................................................................... 92
D.
The liner shipping market ..................................................................................................... 98
E.
Container production............................................................................................................. 103
Contents and Executive Summary
v
5.
Port and multimodal transport developments .............................................................................. 109
............................................................................................................. 109
B.
Improvements in port performance....................................................................................... 114
C.
Recent port developments ..................................................................................................... 114
D.
Inland transport developments .............................................................................................. 117
E.
UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index 2009............................................................. 121
6.
Legal issues and regulatory developments .................................................................................... 123
A.
Important developments in transport law.............................................................................. 123
B.
Negotiations on trade facilitation at WTO ............................................................................ 130
C.
Other legal and regulatory developments affecting transportation ....................................... 133
D.
Status of conventions ............................................................................................................ 148
7.
Review of Regional developments: Africa ..................................................................................... 159
A.
Economic background........................................................................................................... 159
B.
African ports: some improvements and more expected ........................................................ 163
......... 166
D.
Trade facilitation issues in Africa.......................................................................................... 169
E.
Special case: transit and inland transport for landlocked developing countries in
Africa.................................................................................................................................... 174
Annexes
.............................................................................. 181
II.
World seaborne trade by country groups............................................................................... 185
types of ship, as of 1 January 2009 (in thousands of GT).................................................... 187
types of ship, as of 1 January 2009 (in thousands of dwt) ................................................... 193
IV.
UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index...................................................................... 199
vi
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES
Table ........................................................................................................................................................... Page
1.
World economic growth, 2006–2009.................................................................................................. 2
2.
Growth in the volume of merchandise trade, by geographical region, 2006–2008 ............................ 6
3.
Development of international seaborne trade, selected years ............................................................. 8
4.
World seaborne trade in 2006–2008, by type of cargo and country group ......................................... 9
5.
World seaborne trade in ton-miles, selected years ............................................................................. 14
.................................................................. 26
7.
Estimates of fuel consumption, CO emissions from international shipping, and projected growth.. 29
2
................................................................... 39
.......................................................................... 39
10.
Geared and gearless fully cellular container ships built in 2007 and 2008......................................... 40
.......................... 41
......... 53
... 55
14.
Distribution of dwt capacity of vessel types, by country group or registration, 2009 ........................ 56
................. 58
16.
Deliveries of newbuildings, selected years ......................................................................................... 62
17.
Tonnage reported sold for breaking, by vessel type, 2000–2008........................................................ 64
18.
Average age of broken-up ships, by type, 1998 to 2008..................................................................... 65
19.
World tonnage on order, 2000–2009................................................................................................... 66
20.
Representative newbuilding prices in selected years.......................................................................... 69
..................................................................... 69
22.
Newbuilding contract terminations..................................................................................................... 71
selected years ..................................................................................................................................... 76
(tons carried per dwt) ......................................................................................................................... 76
(thousands of ton-miles performed per dwt)...................................................................................... 77
........................................................ 79
Contents and Executive Summary
vii
27.
Analysis of tonnage surplus by main type of vessel, selected years................................................... 80
28.
Maritime engagement of 25 major trading nations............................................................................. 83
29.
Tanker freight indices, 2007–2009...................................................................................................... 86
30.
Tanker market summary: clean and dirty spot rates, 2007–2009 ....................................................... 88
31.
Dry cargo freight indices, 2006–2009................................................................................................. 97
32.
The 20 leading service operators of container ships at the beginning of 2009................................... 100
33.
Container ship time charter rates ........................................................................................................ 102
34.
Freight rates (market averages) per TEU on the three major liner trade routes.................................. 104
35.
Liner freight indices, 2009–2009 ........................................................................................................ 105
........................................................................................................................... 105
........................................ 111
38.
Top 20 container terminals and their throughput for 2006, 2007 and 2008........................................ 113
39.
The global terminal operators equity share of world container throughput........................................ 116
40.
Total length of navigable waters and tons of goods transported by inland waterways....................... 118
41.
Rail: International transport of goods for selected countries .............................................................. 119
42.
Countries and regions with total rail networks of 20,000 km and above............................................ 120
43.
Share of intraregional trade in total African trade............................................................................... 163
44.
Performance indicators ....................................................................................................................... 165
45.
Indicators of African countries’ connectivity in liner shipping........................................................... 168
....................................................... 170
47.
Global Enabling Trade Index, Africa, 2008 ........................................................................................ 172
48.
Major African regional economic communities.................................................................................. 173
Figure
1 (a). World GDP growth, 2003–2009, selected countries ..........................................................................
3
1 (b). Indices for world economic growth (GDP), OECD Industrial Production Index and world
seaborne trade (volume), 1994–2009.................................................................................................. 4
2.
Indices for world economic growth (GDP) and world merchandise exports
(volume), selected years...................................................................................................................... 7
3.
International seaborne trade, selected years........................................................................................ 11
4 (a). World seaborne trade, by country group and region, 2008 ................................................................. 12
viii
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
4 (b). Developing countries’ seaborne trade, selected years ........................................................................ 12
5.
Oil and natural gas: major producers and consumers, 2008 .............................................................. 16
6 (a). Major bulks (steel and iron ore): producers, consumers and traders in 2008 .................................... 20
6 (b). Major bulks (coal and grain): producers, consumers and traders in 2008 .......................................... 21
7.
Global container trade, 1990–2020..................................................................................................... 25
8.
Shipping sector CO emission and CO
................................................. 28
2
2
.......................................................................... 38
10.
Geared and gearless fully cellular container ships by age .................................................................. 40
.......................................................................................... 43
..................................................................... 44
economies in transition, and open and international registries located in developing countries ........ 45
among the major 35 vessel-owning countries..................................................................................... 49
15.
Deliveries of newbuildings, 1997–2008. ............................................................................................ 63
16.
World tonnage on order, 2000–2009................................................................................................... 68
.............................................. 77
........................................... 78
...................... 78
20.
Trends in surplus capacity by main vessel types, selected years ........................................................ 81
21.
Growth of demand and supply in container shipping, 2000–2009 ..................................................... 82
22.
Evolution of prices of new containers................................................................................................. 106
23.
Evolution of leasing rates.................................................................................................................... 107
24.
Trends in connectivity indicators. ....................................................................................................... 122
25.
WTO trade facilitation needs and priorities: self-assessments status ................................................. 133
26.
Growth in Africa, oil vs. non-oil economies, 2006–2008................................................................... 160
27.
Growth of GDP by African subregions 2006–2008............................................................................ 161
28.
Top and bottom performers in Africa ................................................................................................. 161
29.
Africa’s share of world trade, 1970–2007........................................................................................... 162
30.
Main international shipping lanes, Africa ........................................................................................... 164
31.
Burden of customs in Africa, 2007 ..................................................................................................... 171
Contents and Executive Summary
ix
32.
Annual average cost of importing a container .................................................................................... 176
33.
Main road, rail, sea, lake and river corridors in Africa ....................................................................... 176
34.
Average number of documents required for import............................................................................ 177
35.
Time to imports ................................................................................................................................... 177
Box
...................................................... 27
...................................... 30
3.
Contracting States parties to selected conventions on maritime transport,
as at 23 October 2009.......................................................................................................................... 149
x
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
Abbreviations
AEO
Authorized Economic Operator
APEC
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
AU
African Union
BAF
bunker adjustment factor
BCI
Baltic Exchange Capesize Index
bcm
billion cubic metres
BDI
Baltic Exchange Dry Index
bpd
barrels per day
BRIC
Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China
BWM Convention
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water
and Sediments
CAF
currency adjustment factor
cbm
cubic metres
CBP
United States Customs and Border Protection
c.i.f.
cost, insurance and freight
CIS
Commonwealth of Independent States
CO
carbon dioxide
2
COMESA
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
COMESA-CD
COMESA Customs Document
CSR
Special Register of Ships and Shipping Companies of the Canary Islands
DIS
Danish International Register of Shipping
dwt
deadweight tons
EAC
East African Community
ECA
Economic Commission for Africa
ECOWAS
Economic Community of West African States
EEDI
EEOI
EIA
Energy Information Administration
EORI
ERF
European Union Road Federation
ESC
European Shippers’ Council
EU
European Union
FEU
40-foot equivalent unit
FIS
French International Ship Register
FNTR
Fédération Nationale des Transports Routiers
f.o.b.
free on board
FPSO
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP
gross domestic product
GHG
greenhouse gas
GT
gross tons
ICC
International Chamber of Commerce
ICIR
initial cash investment return
ICS
International Chamber of Shipping
Geneva
REVIEW OF MARITIME
TRANSPORT
2009
Report by the UNCTAD secretariat
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva, 2009
ii
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
NOTE
The Review of Maritime Transport is a recurrent publication prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat since 1968
with the aim of fostering the transparency of maritime markets and analysing relevant developments. Any factual
a corrigendum to be issued subsequently.
*
* *
symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.
*
* *
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
*
* *
Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, with reference
to the document number (see below). A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent
to the UNCTAD secretariat at the following address: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
UNCTAD/RMT/2009
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
Sales No. E.09.II.D.11
ISBN 978-92-1-112771-3
ISSN 0566-7682
Contents and Executive Summary
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Review of Maritime Transport 2009 is prepared by the Trade Logistics Branch of the Division on Technology
and Logistics, UNCTAD. The principal authors were Regina Asariotis, Hassiba Benamara, Jan Hoffmann,
Eugenia Núñez, Anila Premti, and Vincent Valentine, who also leads the team of authors.
Contributions on various issues were also prepared by Liliana Annovazzi-Jakab, Bismark Sitorus and Birgit Viohl.
Desktop publishing and administrative support was provided by Florence Hudry. Graphic support was provided
by Nadège Hadjemian and the publication was edited by Daniel Sanderson.
Various parts of this publication were peer-reviewed by UNCTAD colleagues: Deepali Fernandes, Mina
Mashayekhi, Anne Miroux, José María Rubiato and Frida Youssef.
This publication was peer-reviewed by the following persons from civil society, according to their particular
expertise: Alf Baird, Tom Butterly, Pierre Cariou, Mahindokht Faghfouri, Matthew Flynn, Hercules Haralambides,
Ki-Soon Hwang, Harsh Khare, Mohamed Abul Kheir, Shashi Kumar, Heather Leggate, Socrates Leptos-
Bourgi, Nora Neufeld, Melissa-Dawn Newhook, Adolf Ng, Thomas Pawlik, Aleksandra Pieczek, Derek Prentis,
Sheri Rosenow, Wayne Talley, Beatriz Tovar de la Fe and Les Ward.
iv
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
CONTENTS
............................................................................................................................................... Page
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................................
iii
......................................................................................................................
vi
Abbreviations and explanatory notes..............................................................................................................
x
Vessel groupings used in the Review of Maritime Transport.......................................................................... xiii
Executive summary......................................................................................................................................... xiv
Chapter
............................................................................................................................................... Page
1.
Developments in international seaborne trade .............................................................................
1
A.
World economic situation and prospects...............................................................................
1
B.
World seaborne trade.............................................................................................................
6
C.
Sectors of world seaborne trade ........................................................................................... 13
D.
Maritime transport and the climate change challenge........................................................... 26
................................................ 37
.................................................................................................... 37
................................................................................................. 52
C.
Registration of ships.............................................................................................................. 54
D.
Shipbuilding, demolition and the second-hand market......................................................... 57
................. 75
A.
Operational productivity ....................................................................................................... 75
B.
Supply and demand in world shipping.................................................................................. 79
.............................................................................. 81
4.
Trade and freight markets ................................................................................................. 85
A.
Crude oil and petroleum products shipping market .............................................................. 85
............................................................................................................. 90
C.
Dry bulk shipping market...................................................................................................... 92
D.
The liner shipping market ..................................................................................................... 98
E.
Container production............................................................................................................. 103
Contents and Executive Summary
v
5.
Port and multimodal transport developments .............................................................................. 109
............................................................................................................. 109
B.
Improvements in port performance....................................................................................... 114
C.
Recent port developments ..................................................................................................... 114
D.
Inland transport developments .............................................................................................. 117
E.
UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index 2009............................................................. 121
6.
Legal issues and regulatory developments .................................................................................... 123
A.
Important developments in transport law.............................................................................. 123
B.
Negotiations on trade facilitation at WTO ............................................................................ 130
C.
Other legal and regulatory developments affecting transportation ....................................... 133
D.
Status of conventions ............................................................................................................ 148
7.
Review of Regional developments: Africa ..................................................................................... 159
A.
Economic background........................................................................................................... 159
B.
African ports: some improvements and more expected ........................................................ 163
......... 166
D.
Trade facilitation issues in Africa.......................................................................................... 169
E.
Special case: transit and inland transport for landlocked developing countries in
Africa.................................................................................................................................... 174
Annexes
.............................................................................. 181
II.
World seaborne trade by country groups............................................................................... 185
types of ship, as of 1 January 2009 (in thousands of GT).................................................... 187
types of ship, as of 1 January 2009 (in thousands of dwt) ................................................... 193
IV.
UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index...................................................................... 199
vi
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES
Table ........................................................................................................................................................... Page
1.
World economic growth, 2006–2009.................................................................................................. 2
2.
Growth in the volume of merchandise trade, by geographical region, 2006–2008 ............................ 6
3.
Development of international seaborne trade, selected years ............................................................. 8
4.
World seaborne trade in 2006–2008, by type of cargo and country group ......................................... 9
5.
World seaborne trade in ton-miles, selected years ............................................................................. 14
.................................................................. 26
7.
Estimates of fuel consumption, CO emissions from international shipping, and projected growth.. 29
2
................................................................... 39
.......................................................................... 39
10.
Geared and gearless fully cellular container ships built in 2007 and 2008......................................... 40
.......................... 41
......... 53
... 55
14.
Distribution of dwt capacity of vessel types, by country group or registration, 2009 ........................ 56
................. 58
16.
Deliveries of newbuildings, selected years ......................................................................................... 62
17.
Tonnage reported sold for breaking, by vessel type, 2000–2008........................................................ 64
18.
Average age of broken-up ships, by type, 1998 to 2008..................................................................... 65
19.
World tonnage on order, 2000–2009................................................................................................... 66
20.
Representative newbuilding prices in selected years.......................................................................... 69
..................................................................... 69
22.
Newbuilding contract terminations..................................................................................................... 71
selected years ..................................................................................................................................... 76
(tons carried per dwt) ......................................................................................................................... 76
(thousands of ton-miles performed per dwt)...................................................................................... 77
........................................................ 79
Contents and Executive Summary
vii
27.
Analysis of tonnage surplus by main type of vessel, selected years................................................... 80
28.
Maritime engagement of 25 major trading nations............................................................................. 83
29.
Tanker freight indices, 2007–2009...................................................................................................... 86
30.
Tanker market summary: clean and dirty spot rates, 2007–2009 ....................................................... 88
31.
Dry cargo freight indices, 2006–2009................................................................................................. 97
32.
The 20 leading service operators of container ships at the beginning of 2009................................... 100
33.
Container ship time charter rates ........................................................................................................ 102
34.
Freight rates (market averages) per TEU on the three major liner trade routes.................................. 104
35.
Liner freight indices, 2009–2009 ........................................................................................................ 105
........................................................................................................................... 105
........................................ 111
38.
Top 20 container terminals and their throughput for 2006, 2007 and 2008........................................ 113
39.
The global terminal operators equity share of world container throughput........................................ 116
40.
Total length of navigable waters and tons of goods transported by inland waterways....................... 118
41.
Rail: International transport of goods for selected countries .............................................................. 119
42.
Countries and regions with total rail networks of 20,000 km and above............................................ 120
43.
Share of intraregional trade in total African trade............................................................................... 163
44.
Performance indicators ....................................................................................................................... 165
45.
Indicators of African countries’ connectivity in liner shipping........................................................... 168
....................................................... 170
47.
Global Enabling Trade Index, Africa, 2008 ........................................................................................ 172
48.
Major African regional economic communities.................................................................................. 173
Figure
1 (a). World GDP growth, 2003–2009, selected countries ..........................................................................
3
1 (b). Indices for world economic growth (GDP), OECD Industrial Production Index and world
seaborne trade (volume), 1994–2009.................................................................................................. 4
2.
Indices for world economic growth (GDP) and world merchandise exports
(volume), selected years...................................................................................................................... 7
3.
International seaborne trade, selected years........................................................................................ 11
4 (a). World seaborne trade, by country group and region, 2008 ................................................................. 12
viii
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
4 (b). Developing countries’ seaborne trade, selected years ........................................................................ 12
5.
Oil and natural gas: major producers and consumers, 2008 .............................................................. 16
6 (a). Major bulks (steel and iron ore): producers, consumers and traders in 2008 .................................... 20
6 (b). Major bulks (coal and grain): producers, consumers and traders in 2008 .......................................... 21
7.
Global container trade, 1990–2020..................................................................................................... 25
8.
Shipping sector CO emission and CO
................................................. 28
2
2
.......................................................................... 38
10.
Geared and gearless fully cellular container ships by age .................................................................. 40
.......................................................................................... 43
..................................................................... 44
economies in transition, and open and international registries located in developing countries ........ 45
among the major 35 vessel-owning countries..................................................................................... 49
15.
Deliveries of newbuildings, 1997–2008. ............................................................................................ 63
16.
World tonnage on order, 2000–2009................................................................................................... 68
.............................................. 77
........................................... 78
...................... 78
20.
Trends in surplus capacity by main vessel types, selected years ........................................................ 81
21.
Growth of demand and supply in container shipping, 2000–2009 ..................................................... 82
22.
Evolution of prices of new containers................................................................................................. 106
23.
Evolution of leasing rates.................................................................................................................... 107
24.
Trends in connectivity indicators. ....................................................................................................... 122
25.
WTO trade facilitation needs and priorities: self-assessments status ................................................. 133
26.
Growth in Africa, oil vs. non-oil economies, 2006–2008................................................................... 160
27.
Growth of GDP by African subregions 2006–2008............................................................................ 161
28.
Top and bottom performers in Africa ................................................................................................. 161
29.
Africa’s share of world trade, 1970–2007........................................................................................... 162
30.
Main international shipping lanes, Africa ........................................................................................... 164
31.
Burden of customs in Africa, 2007 ..................................................................................................... 171
Contents and Executive Summary
ix
32.
Annual average cost of importing a container .................................................................................... 176
33.
Main road, rail, sea, lake and river corridors in Africa ....................................................................... 176
34.
Average number of documents required for import............................................................................ 177
35.
Time to imports ................................................................................................................................... 177
Box
...................................................... 27
...................................... 30
3.
Contracting States parties to selected conventions on maritime transport,
as at 23 October 2009.......................................................................................................................... 149
x
Review of Maritime Transport, 2009
ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
Abbreviations
AEO
Authorized Economic Operator
APEC
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
AU
African Union
BAF
bunker adjustment factor
BCI
Baltic Exchange Capesize Index
bcm
billion cubic metres
BDI
Baltic Exchange Dry Index
bpd
barrels per day
BRIC
Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China
BWM Convention
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water
and Sediments
CAF
currency adjustment factor
cbm
cubic metres
CBP
United States Customs and Border Protection
c.i.f.
cost, insurance and freight
CIS
Commonwealth of Independent States
CO
carbon dioxide
2
COMESA
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
COMESA-CD
COMESA Customs Document
CSR
Special Register of Ships and Shipping Companies of the Canary Islands
DIS
Danish International Register of Shipping
dwt
deadweight tons
EAC
East African Community
ECA
Economic Commission for Africa
ECOWAS
Economic Community of West African States
EEDI
EEOI
EIA
Energy Information Administration
EORI
ERF
European Union Road Federation
ESC
European Shippers’ Council
EU
European Union
FEU
40-foot equivalent unit
FIS
French International Ship Register
FNTR
Fédération Nationale des Transports Routiers
f.o.b.
free on board
FPSO
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP
gross domestic product
GHG
greenhouse gas
GT
gross tons
ICC
International Chamber of Commerce
ICIR
initial cash investment return
ICS
International Chamber of Shipping
Document Outline
- NOTE
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- CONTENTS
- ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- Chapter 1 - DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL SEABORNE TRADE
- A. World economic situation and prospects
- B. World seaborne trade
- C. Sectors of world seaborne trade
- D. Maritime transport and the climate change challenge
- Endnotes
- Chapter 2 - STRUCTURE, OWNERSHIP AND REGISTRATION OF THE WORLD FLEET
- A. Structure of the world fleet
- B. Ownership of the world fleet
- C. Registration of ships
- D. Shipbuilding, demolition and the second-hand market
- Endnotes
- Chapter 3 - PRODUCTIVITY OF THE WORLD FLEET, AND SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN WORLD SHIPPING
- A. Operational productivity
- B. Supply and demand in world shipping
- C. Comparison of cargo turnover and fleets
- Endnotes
- Chapter 4 - TRADE AND FREIGHT MARKETS
- A. Crude oil and petroleum products shipping market
- B. Liquefied natural gas
- C. Dry bulk shipping market
- D. The liner shipping market
- E. Container production
- Endnotes
- Chapter 5 - PORT AND MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENTS
- A. Container port traffic
- B. Improvements in port performance
- C. Recent port developments
- D. Inland transport developments
- E. UNCTAD liner shipping connectivity index 2009
- Endnotes
- Chapter 6 - LEGAL ISSUES AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS
- A. Important developments in transport law
- B. Negotiations on trade facilitation at WTO
- C. Other legal and regulatory developments affecting transportation
- D. Status of conventions
- Endnotes
- Chapter 7 - REVIEW OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: AFRICA
- A. Economic background
- B. African ports: Some improvements and more expected
- C. African shipping networks and liner shipping connectivity in Africa: A difficult path
- D. Trade facilitation issues in Africa
- E. Special Case: Transit and inland transport for lanclocked developing countries in Africa
- Endnotes
- ANNEX
- Annex I - Classification of countries and territories
- Annex II - World seaborne trade by country groups
- Annex III (a) - Merchant fleets of the world by flags of registration, groups of countries and types of ship, as of 1 January 2009 (in thousands of GT)
- Annex III (b) - Merchant fleets of the world by flags of registration, groups of countries and types of ship, as of 1 January 2009 (in thousands of dwt)
- Annex IV - UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index
- QUESTIONNAIRE
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