Smoking and panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia: A review of the empirical literature
The empirical literature regarding panic-spectrum problems (i.e., panic attacks, panic disorder, andagoraphobia) and cigarette smoking is reviewed. In the first section of the paper, empirical studies that document
the prevalence of smoking and panic-related problems are presented and discussed. In the second section of the
paper, studies pertaining to the role cigarette smoking may play in the onset and maintenance of panic-related
problems are critically reviewed. In the third section of the paper, studies related to the association between panic
vulnerability factors and the nature of smoking behavior are presented. In the fourth section of the paper, specific
areas not otherwise covered in the review are presented to stimulate further development in these areas (e.g.,
specialized treatment development).
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