THE PATTERNS OF SEMANTIC MAPPING
DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH VERBS ACQUIRED
BY INDONESIAN EFL LEARNERS












FRANSISCUS XAVERIUS MUKARTO












UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
2005

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THE PATTERNS OF SEMANTIC MAPPING
DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH VERBS ACQUIRED BY
INDONESIAN EFL LEARNERS








by







FRANSISCUS XAVERIUS MUKARTO










Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy







March 2005

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ii






ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Hajar Abdul Rahim,
for her continuous advice and encouragement in the course of this study.

I would also like to thank Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo for his help and advice
at the early stages of the research and Drs. Aris Dwiatmoko for his assistance
concerning statistical matters.

I would also like to thank Sanata Dharma Foundation, Sanata Dharma
University and the Association of Catholic Institutes of Higher Learning (APTIK) for the
joint scholarship that made this research possible.

I would also like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents, Bapak Paulus
Salut Djojodimedjo and Ibu Maria Djumini Djojodimedjo, my parents-in-law Bapak and
Ibu Manetro Utomo, and also my brothers and sisters for their endless love,
encouragement and support.

Last but not least, I would also like to thank my beloved wife, Maria Magdalena
Sartini, and my beloved daughters, Elisabeth Tamara Sabatini and Teresa Retno
Arsanti, for their love, patience and understanding during the course of my study.

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iii






TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
LIST OF TABLES
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
xiv
ABSTRAK
xv
ABSTRACT
xviii



1
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction
1
1.1
The Place of the Current Study in the Context of Vocabulary Acquisition

Research
1
1.2
The Nature of Vocabulary Knowledge
7
1.3
Statement of the Problem
13
1.4 Research
Questions
17
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study
18
1.6
Significance of the Study
20
1.7
Definition of Key Terms
21



CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
23
2.0 Introduction
23
2.1 Semantic
Mapping
24

2.1.1 The Concept of Semantic Mapping
24

2.1.2 Models of Lexical Representation
25


2.1.2.1 Meaning Incorporated within the Lexical Entry
26


2.1.2.2 Shared Conceptual Memory
29


2.1.2.3 Shared Lexical and Conceptual Features with Language

Specific Lemma
30

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iv

2.1.3 Models of Lexical development in a Second of Foreign Language
33


2.1.3.1 Word Association Stage
33


2.1.3.2 Concept Mediation Stage
36


2.1.3.3 L2 Integration Stage
37
2.2
Transfer, Conceptual Restructuring, and Fossilization
39

2.2.1 Transfer in the Acquisition of L2 Words
39


2.2.1.1 Concept of Transfer
39


2.2.1.2 Manifestation of Transfer
40


2.2.1.3 Transfer at the Lexical Level
42

2.2.2 Conceptual Restructuring in the Acquisition of L2 Words
48

2.2.3 Fossilization in the Acquisition of L2 Words
54
2.3
Intralingual Semantic Mapping: Componential Analysis
56

2.3.1 Semantic Fields
56

2.3.2 Types of Meaning Relations
57


2.3.2.1 Intralinguistic Meaning Relations
57


2.3.2.2 Extralinguistic Meaning Relations
59

2.3.3 Componential Analysis
60

2.3.4 Prototypical and Peripheral Semantic Features
63

2.3.5 Problems in Componential Analysis
64
2.4
Interlingual Semantic Mapping: Contrastive Analysis
65
2.5 Word
Translation
70

2.5.1 Types of Word Translation
70

2.5.2 Lexical Processing in Word Translation
71

2.5.3 Translation Recognition
73
2.6 Conceptual
Framework
76



CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY
79
3.0 Introduction
79
3.1 Research
Design
79
3.2
Design of Assessment Instrument
80

3.2.1 The Componential Analysis of the Target Verb Meanings
81

3.2.2 Forward Translation Recognition Matrix: The Selected

Format
90

3.2.3 The Selected Sentential Contexts Containing the Tested Semantic
96
Features
3.3 Pilot
Study
106

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3.4
The Main Study
110

3.4.1 Selection of Samples
110

3.4.2 Data Collection
114

3.4.3 Data Analysis
116


3.4.3.1 Establishment of Acceptable Responses
116


3.4.3.2 Scoring of Subjects’ Responses
116


3.4.3.3 Tabulation of Raw Scores
119


3.4.3.4 Conversion of Scores
120


3.4.3.5 Statistical Tests
125


3.4.3.6 The Charting of Semantic Mapping Development
126



CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS
128
4.0 Introduction
128
4.1
Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development at the Word Level
130

4.1.1 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Assassinate
131

4.1.2 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Execute
135

4.1.3 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Kill 138

4.1.4 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Murder
142

4.1.5 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Slaughter
146

4.1.6 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Break
148

4.1.7 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Burst
153

4.1.8 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Crack
157

4.1.9 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Fracture
160

4.1.10 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Shatter
164

4.1.11 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Smash
167

4.1.12 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development of Snap
171
4.2
Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development above the Word Level
175

4.2.1 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development in the Semantic

Field KILL
175

4.2.2 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development in the Semantic

Field BREAK
178

4.2.3 The General Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development
182
4.3
Other Findings: Major Sources of Inaccurate semantic Mapping
185
4.3 Summary
186

4.4.1 Distribution of the Observed Significant Differences at the Word
187
Level

4.4.2 Distribution of the Observed Significant Differences above the
190
Word Level

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vi
4.4.3
Other Findings: Major Sources of Inaccurate Semantic Mapping
191




CHAPTER 5 : DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
192
5.0 Introduction
192
5.1 Discussion
192

5.1.1 Significant Differences in the Semantic Mapping Accuracy
192

5.1.2 Patterns of Semantic Mapping Development
194


5.1.2.1 Partial and Contaminated Knowledge of the Lexical

Dimension of L2 Vocabulary
195


5.1.2.2 Semantic Restructuring
197


5.1.2.3 Sources of the Under-representation and Over-

representation of Word Meaning
205
5.2 Conclusion
209
5.4 Further
Research
215
5.5 Pedagogical
Implications
217



BIBLIOGRAPHY
222



APPENDICES

Appendix A
Forward Translation Recognition Matrix: The Research

Instrument
234

Appendix B
Established Acceptable Responses
247

Appendix C(1)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Assassinate
248
Appendix C(2)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Execute
249
Appendix C(3)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Kill
250
Appendix C(4)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Murder
251
Appendix C(5)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Slaughter
252
Appendix C(6)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Break
253
Appendix C(7)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Burst
254
Appendix C(8)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Crack
255

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vii
Appendix C(9)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Fracture
256
Appendix C(10)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Shatter
257
Appendix C(11)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Smash
258
Appendix C(12)
Distribution of Responses Based on Semantic Mapping

Categories: Snap
259

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LIST OF TABLES



Page

1.1
Components of word knowledge
9

1.2
Categories of the Meaning dimension of L2 vocabulary knowledge
11

2.1
Errors replicated accross subjects and texts
43

2.2
Sentences with ‘breken’ ranked according to coreness (prototipicality)
46

3.1
The list of the Indonesian verbs within the semantic field KILL and their

English translation equivalents
96

3.2
Sentential contexts with the Indonesian verb prompts membunuh and

dibunuh
97-8

3.3
Sentential contexts with the Indonesian verb prompt menewaskan
98

3.4
Sentential contests with the Indonesian verb prompts menyembelih and

disembelih
99

3.5
Sentential Contexts with the Indonesian verb prompts dibantai and

mematikan
100

3.6
Sentential contexts with the Indonesian verb prompt dihukum mati
100

3.7
The list of the Indonesian verbs within the semantic field BREAK and

their English translation equivalents
101

3.8
Sentential contexts with the Indonesian verb prompts pecah and

memecahkan
101-2

3.9
Sentential contexts with the Indonesian verb prompts patah and

mematahkan
102-3

3.10 Sentential contexts with the Indonesian verb prompts hancur and
103-4
menghancurkan

3.11 Sentential contexts with the Indonesian verb prompt retak
104

3.12 Sentential contexts with the Indonesian verb prompts merusak, putus,

membantingi
105

3.13 Revision of sentential contexts
108

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ix
3.14 List of sentential contexts dropped from the assessment instrument
109

3.15 Raw scores and their meanings
117

3.16 Sample of raw data tabulation
119

3.17 Conversion of nominal scores into interval scores and its codes
121

3.18 Example of conversion of nominal scores into interval scores
122

3.19 Example of the tabulation of converted data in the category of accurate

semantic mapping with high level of mapping confidence (521)
122

3.20 Conversion table of the raw scores into ordinal scores
123

3.21 Example of converted data in the overall semantic mapping category
123

4.1
Distribution of observed significant differences
187



4.2
Distribution of the significant increases and decreases by category in
190
the semantic mapping accuracy above the word level

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Document Outline

• Title Page
• Table of Contents etc
• CHAPTER 1
• CHAPTER 2

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