TWENTY YEARS OF CULTURE ' S CONSEQUENCES : A REVIEW OF THE ...

Twenty years have passed since the publication of Geert Hofstede's landmark book on international management differences, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Sage, 1980). Since the publication of Hofstede's book, researchers have utilized his framework in a variety of empirical studies. We conduct a review that includes 127 empirical studies examining Hofstede's cultural values framework published over the last 20 years. To organize our review, we used a typology that examines Hofstede-inspired research using three types of effects (i.e., culture as a direct effect, moderator, and criterion variable) at four different levels of analysis (i.e., individual, group, organization, and country). Our review demonstrated some remarkable consistencies across different types of effects and levels but also some important discrepancies. We discuss general themes that emerged from our review, recommendations for researchers who wish to use Hofstede's framework, and opportunities presented by the current gaps in Hofstede-inspired research